Upcoming

1. Upcoming

2. Overview of Memory • Atkinson-Shiffrin Model RETRIEVAL ATTENTION Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Sensory Signals REHEARSAL

3. Overview of Memory • Atkinson-Shiffrin Model RETRIEVAL ATTENTION Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Sensory Signals Do stuff with this information = “working” memory REHEARSAL

4. “Types” of Memory • Sensory Memory • brief ( < 1 second) • preattentive / parallel processing (very large capacity)

5. Sensory Memory

6. Capacity • Describe a simple experiment that could measure the capacity of “memory”

7. Capacity • Describe a simple experiment that could measure the capacity of “memory” • Briefly present some letters or digits and then ask the subject to report them • Called “whole report”

8. Capacity +

9. Capacity F S F E G S A U T O C G +

10. Capacity “Recall as many letters as you can”

11. Capacity • George Sperling - Systematic investigation of memory capacity • Result: subjects accurately recall 3 or 4 items • What can you conclude from this result?

12. Capacity • Could it be that subjects had encoded but failed to retrieve the information?

13. Capacity • For example: what if recalling interferes with memory? What if they forgot the information before they could report it? • How could you modify the experiment to measure the instantaneous capacity, before any forgetting can occur?

14. Capacity • Partial Report - briefly present letters or digits and ask subject to report only some of them “Report the letters in the row indicated by the arrow”

15. Capacity +

16. Capacity U E S B O D W A I B V S +

17. Capacity +

18. Capacity +

19. Capacity Which Letters?

20. Capacity • Partial Report • Result: subjects can recall any 3 or 4 letters that are indicated by the arrow !

21. Capacity • Partial Report • Result: subjects can recall any 3 or 4 letters that are indicated by the arrow ! • What does this mean about the capacity of memory?

22. Capacity • There is some part of the perception system that stores huge amounts of information… • in fact, if only a single letter is probed, instantaneous capacity is seen to be unlimited

23. Duration • There is some part of the perception system that stores huge amounts of information… • But for how long? How would you design an experiment to measure the duration of this high-capacity memory system?

24. Duration • There is some part of the perception system that stores huge amounts of information… • But for how long? How would you design an experiment to measure the duration of this high-capacity memory system? • Vary the onset of the probe

25. Duration • Partial Report 10 # of letters potentially recalled 4 0 0 ms 500 ms never Probe Delay

26. Duration • Partial Report 10 # of letters potentially recalled 4 0 0 ms 500 ms never Delay Interpretation: Information dwells in a brief storage “buffer” duration of storage lasts about 1/2 of one second

27. Iconic Memory • a brief storage of “raw data” in the visual system

28. Echoic Memory • Auditory information is stored in a similar sensory “buffer” • Echoic memory seems to last for several seconds

29. Properties of Sensory Memory • Brief (iconic ~500ms; echoic ~2 seconds)

30. Properties of Sensory Memory • Brief (iconic ~500ms; echoic ~2 seconds) • Virtually unlimited capacity

31. Properties of Sensory Memory • Brief (iconic ~500ms; echoic ~2 seconds) • Virtually unlimited capacity • pre-attentive