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Biomedical Engineering

Biomedical Engineering. University of Wisconsin-Madison Eric Lee, John Harrison, Albert Kwansa, Jacqueline Wong, Miguel Benson. Definition of BME. Development and manufacture of prostheses, medical devices, diagnostic devices, drugs and other therapies

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Biomedical Engineering

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  1. Biomedical Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Eric Lee, John Harrison, Albert Kwansa, Jacqueline Wong, Miguel Benson

  2. Definition of BME • Development and manufacture of prostheses, medical devices, diagnostic devices, drugs and other therapies • Combines expertise of engineering with medical needs for the progress of health care

  3. BME Overview

  4. Biomechanics • Application of mechanical principles to the study of human body movements • Muscles, bones, tendons, and ligaments • Anatomy, microstructure • Static and dynamic analyses of force profile • Stress, strain, coordination, power output

  5. Biomechanics • Example: broken leg Anatomy Microstructure http://academic.wsc.edu/faculty/jatodd1/351/tibia_fibula.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Illu_compact_spongy_bone.jpg

  6. Biomechanics • Fracture Schematics • Behave like cement • Good in compression • Poor in tension • Low tolerance for torsion Butterfly Cut Fragment

  7. X-ray • Electromagnetic wave and perform radiation • Radiation pass through patient and some are being absorbed • Image are created on detector by radiation that pass through the subject

  8. X-ray Applications • Cardiovascular system • Skeletal system • Soft tissue (e.g. lung)

  9. Ultrasonography • A sound wave is produced. • Sound wave is reflected and forming echo from layers between different tissues. • Sound wave is changed to electrical pulses for image production.

  10. Ultrasonography Applications • Muscle and soft tissue • Obstetric sonography www.medical.philips.com http://zoot.radiology.wisc.edu/

  11. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) • Polarize (align spin) of H2 atoms in body • Disrupt spins at one “slice” of body • Measure energy given off as atoms realign • Detects concentration of H2 atoms

  12. MRI Application • Soft tissue imaging • Use of contrast • Combined with CT info

  13. CT (Computed Tomography) • Scanner looks much like MRI scanner • Takes many X-rays around body • Properties much like X-ray • Image from density of material • Typically used for skeletal imaging

  14. CT Application • Form 2-D and 3-D images from X-rays • Can use contrasts as well to enhance image of soft tissue

  15. Biomaterials • Any foreign material that comes into contact with a biological system • Diverse area of Biomedical Engineering • Cancer drug delivery • Tissue engineering • Cell implantation

  16. Micro-encapsulation • Challenge: Re-establish testosterone level • Solution: Insert testosterone producing cells

  17. Cell Viability • Cell viability and function must be preserved long term. • Micro-encapsulation provides a defense and preserves cell function.

  18. Hydrogel • Capsule material: • Chemical composition: • Physical characteristics: Cell Hydrogel Polyethylene Glycol HO-(CH2-CH2-O)n-H

  19. LH, FSH, O2, Nutrients Antibodies Testosterone, Wastes Microcapsule Parameters Microcapsule Size Size exclusion via mesh size Biocompatibility Degradation

  20. Tissue Engineering (TE) TE involves the development of biological substitutes to restore or replace lost tissue function (Langer and Vacanti, 1993).

  21. TE Motivation • Divergence between the supply and demand of organ & tissue replacements. • Current methods  low supply, immune rejection, and inability to repair and develop. • Major goals of TE: • Provide living biological replacements • Tissue physiology & pathology • Pharmaceutical testing

  22. TE Approach: Cell Source Cell Donors Expand Harvest

  23. Cells + Scaffold

  24. Cells + Scaffold + Bioreactor Bioreactor

  25. Growth Factors + Scaffold

  26. TE Range Metabolic Structural Liver, Pancreas, Kidney Bone, Cartilage, Tendon Nerve Skin Muscle

  27. TE Examples http://www.chir.unizh.ch/cardio/cardiotext/tissueengineering.html (Hoerstrup et al. Circulation 2002) Proximal Distal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Woven_bone_matrix.jpg

  28. Common Post-graduate Paths Bachelor’s Degree • Professional Schools • Medical School • Dental School • Law School • Business School Graduate School Master’s Degree Combined Programs Medical & Graduate School (M.D./Ph.D.) Doctorate Industry Academia

  29. Questions

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