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MODE OF ACTION

MODE OF ACTION. February 2003. MODIFIES VFA PRODUCTION. STIMULATES ENZYME ACTIVITY. IMPROVES DIGESTIBILITY & ABSORPTION. IMPROVES MICROBIAL FLORA. IMPROVES CARCASS QUALITY. MODE OF ACTION. STIMULATES THE ACTIVITY OF DIGESTIVE ENZYMES. P=0.03. P= 0.18. P=0.08.

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MODE OF ACTION

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  1. MODE OF ACTION February 2003

  2. MODIFIES VFA PRODUCTION STIMULATES ENZYME ACTIVITY IMPROVES DIGESTIBILITY & ABSORPTION IMPROVES MICROBIAL FLORA IMPROVES CARCASS QUALITY MODE OF ACTION

  3. STIMULATES THE ACTIVITY OF DIGESTIVE ENZYMES P=0.03 P= 0.18 P=0.08 Enzyme activity (IU) Source : Digestar S.A., Clermont-Ferrand, France.

  4. STIMULATES THE ACTIVITY OF LIPASE AT 42 DAYS IN SMALL INTESTINE WHEN GIVEN IN BROILER DIETS Lipase (UI/g of small intestine segment tissue) b a P < 0.05 Trial n° 02XTR005 Source : Agricultural University Wroclaw, Poland, 2002.

  5. CAPSAICIN STIMULATES DIGESTIVE ENZYME ACTIVITIES EFFECTS ON THE ACTIVITY OF PANCREATIC DIGESTIVE ENZYMES LIPASE AMYLASE TRYPSIN CHYMOTRYPSIN CONTROL 30.5 47.0 2.59 2.89 CAPSAICIN 41.4* 80.9* 5.70* 3.75* EFFECTS ON THE ACTIVITY OF SMALL INTESTINE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES LIPASE AMYLASE SUCRASE LACTASE MALTASE CONTROL 23.1 0.021 71.5 31.0 534.4 CAPSAICIN 67.2* 0.025* 98.6* 33.9 670.5* Enzyme activity expressed in IU/ml * Significantly higher than control (p<0.05). Source : Platel and Srinivasan, Nahrung (2000) / Platel and Srinivasan, Int. J. Aliment Sci. (1996)

  6. MODIFIES VFA PRODUCTION STIMULATES ENZYME ACTIVITY IMPROVES DIGESTIBILITY & ABSORPTION IMPROVES MICROBIAL FLORA IMPROVES CARCASS QUALITY MODE OF ACTION

  7. IMPROVES DIGESTIBILITY IN YOUNG PIGS Methodology : apparent faecal digestibility measured at 35 days post weaning Digestibility coefficient in % b B b a a a A a A Values with different postscripts (a,b) are significantly different at a value of P<0.05 Values with different postscripts (A,B) are significantly different at a value of P<0.001 Trial n° 1590 - TB => Source : Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain, 1999

  8. IMPROVES DIGESTIBILITY IN BROILERS Digestibility coefficient in % b a a a b c a b a a a b ab b a a C c B ab b AB A a Methodology : apparent ileal digestibility measured in 17-21 days chickens Values with different postscripts (a,b) are significantly different at a value of P<0.05 Values with different postscripts (A,B) are significantly different at a value of P<0.001 Trial n° 5036 - TB => Source : Agricultural University Wroclaw, Poland, 2001.

  9. PROMOTES VILLOUS MAINTENANCE AND ABSORPTION IN VIVO XTRACT IN WHEAT AND BARLEY OR WHEAT AND SOYBEAN MEAL DIETS ON SMALL INTESTINE MICROVILLOUS HEIGHT PIGS BROILERS n=48 CONTROL XTRACT HEIGHT (m) Proximal third 365a 406b Middle third 334a 355b Distal third 322a 343b n=24 CONTROL XTRACT HEIGHT (m) Proximal third 827.7a 885.2b Middle third 724.6a 752.8b Distal third 722.2 723.3 * Significantly higher from control (p<0.05). Source : University of Leeds, Leeds. United Kingdom, 2000 * Significantly higher from control (p<0.05). Source : University of Leeds, Leeds. United Kingdom, 2001 Photography by electron microscope with the kind authorisation of J. Boume, published in the « live intestine », WN Ewing et D.J.A. Col,e, 1994 Trial n° 1613 - TB => Trial n° 5054

  10. SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE CATALASE CONTROL 9.4 3.6 64.0 CINNAMALDEHYDE 15.8* 4.5* 88.8 CINNAMALDEHYDE INVOLVED IN FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING EFFECT OF CINNAMALDEHYDE ON THE ACTIVITY OF MUCOSAL ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES SOD expressed in IU/mg protein; GST expressed in nmoles NADPH oxidised/min/mg protein; glutathione expressed in mg x 10-3 mg protein * Significantly higher from control (p<0.05). Source : JN Dhuley. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology (1999)

  11. MODIFIES VFA PRODUCTION STIMULATES ENZYME ACTIVITY IMPROVES DIGESTIBILITY & ABSORPTION IMPROVES MICROBIAL FLORA IMPROVES CARCASS QUALITY MODE OF ACTION

  12. INCREASED BIOAVAILABLE THREONINE INCREASES BREAST MUSCLE % IMPROVED BIOAVAILABILITY OF ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS LEADS TO INCREASED BREAST MUSCLE PERCENTAGE IN POULTRY Source : Lehmann D et al., 1997. Poultry Science, 76, 696-702.

  13. IMPROVES THREONINEDIGESTIBILITY WHEN INCLUDED IN BROILER DIETS Methodology : apparent ileal digestibility measured in 17-21 days chickens - wheat / barley based diet Methodology : apparent ileal digestibility measured in 17-21 days chickens - maize / Soya bean based diet Digestibility coefficient in % Digestibility coefficient in % b b a a Values with different postscripts (a,b) are significantly different at a value of P < 0.05 Trial n° 02XTR005 Trial n° 5036 - TB => Source : Agricultural University Wroclaw, Poland, 2001. Source : Agricultural University Wroclaw, Poland, 2002.

  14. INCREASES NUMERICALLY BREAST MUSCLE PERCENTAGE WHEN INCLUDED IN BROILER DIETS Methodology : wheat / barley based diet, 16 animals per treatment Methodology : maize / soya bean based diet, 16 and 14 animals per treatment respectively Muscle breast % Muscle breast % NS NS Trial n° 5035/2 - TB => Trial n° 01XTR007 - TB => Source : University für Bodenkultur, Institute for Animal Science, Austria 2001. Source : Agricultural University Wroclaw, Poland, 2001.

  15. MODIFIES VFA PRODUCTION STIMULATES ENZYME ACTIVITY IMPROVES DIGESTIBILITY & ABSORPTION IMPROVES MICROBIAL FLORA IMPROVES CARCASS QUALITY MODE OF ACTION

  16. DECREASES GROWTH E. coli Clostridia Salmonella Butyric Acid Decreases growth Lactobacillus Increases growth BUTYRIC ACID INCREASES GROWTH OF LACTOBACILLUS AND DECREASES GROWTH OF CERTAIN PATHOGENS

  17. INCREASES VFA PRODUCTION IN PIGLETS % of total VFA a b b a Variation in the % of total cecal volatile fatty acids, of butyric and acetic acid, in piglets at age of 40 days, in a post weaning pig experiment of 18 days. Values with different postscripts (a, b) are significantly different at a value of p  0.05. Trial n° 1592 - TB => Source : Manzanilla et al. Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain, 2000.

  18. INCREASES LACTOBACILLUS IN THE GUT OF THE YOUNG PIG c b a Number of Colony Forming Units (CFU), expressed in Log10 CFU/g of dry material (final jejunum), in piglets in age of 34 days, in a post weaning experiment of 28 days. Lactobacillus Log10 CFU/g Values with different postscripts (a, b, c) are significantly different at a value of p = 0.035. Trial n° 01XTR030 - TB => Source : Manzanilla et al. Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain, 2001.

  19. INCREASES LACTOBACILLUS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE OF BROILERS AT 21 DAYS Lactobacillus Log10 CFU/g b a Values with different postscripts (a, b) are significantly different at a value of p  0.05. Trial n° 02XTR005 Source : Agricultural University Wroclaw, Poland, 2002.

  20. INCREASES LACTOBACILLUS IN THE CALF’S GUT Lactobacillus Log10 CFU/g * * * * Significantly higher from control (p < 0.05). Trial n° 4115 Source : LIBA, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, 2001.

  21. DECREASES NUMBERS OF GUT PATHOGENS IN THE CECUM OF BROILERS a b c a b b Number of colony forming units (CFU) per g cecal contents of animals fed over 42 days a diet based on wheat/barley/soya with the inclusion of XTRACT at 0, 150 and 300 ppm Log10 CFU / g Values with different postscripts (a, b, c) are significantly different at a value of p0.05. Trial n° 5036 - TB => Source : University of Agriculture & Animal Production, Wroclaw, Poland, 2001.

  22. CARVACROL STIMULATES GRAM POSITIVE & LACTIC ACID BACTERIA AT LOW PHYSIOLOGICAL LEVELS IN VITRO LEVELS KILLS Gram - BUT ALSO Gram + ORGANISMS POSSIBILITY OF RESISTANCE PHYSIOLOGICAL LEVELS STIMULATES Lactobacillus CARVACROL Source : Kivanç et al., Int. J. Food Microbiol (1991)

  23. MODIFIES VFA PRODUCTION STIMULATES ENZYME ACTIVITY IMPROVES DIGESTIBILITY & ABSORPTION IMPROVES MICROBIAL FLORA IMPROVES CARCASS QUALITY MODE OF ACTION Improves gut dynamics

  24. IMPROVES GUT DYNAMICS Differences in % between XTRACT and negative control Source: Digestar SA, Clermont-Ferrand, France, 1999.

  25. POSITIVE EFFECTS OF ON GUT DYNAMICS Liver Dietary and endogenous Carbohydrates Dietary and endogenous amino acids Urea Protein Bacterium Bacterium Ammonia Ammonia Bacterial proteins VFA Butyric acid Large intestine Faeces Faeces IMPROVED FEED UTILISATION Less liver overload Proteolytic activity of the flora decreased Fermentation activity of the flora improved Urines Proteolytic activity of the flora decreased Higher production of VFA & higher proportion of butyric acid Less ammonia Modified from Stevens and Hume

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