The Early Industrial and Transportation Revolution

1. The Early Industrial and Transportation Revolution

2. Resourcefulness & Experimentation • Americans were willing to try anything for economic advantage. • They were first copiers, then innovators. 1800  41 patents were approved. 1860 4,357 “ “ “

3. Results of Industrialization • Productivity Increases • Household Income Increases • Prices Decrease • Overall Standards of living improve

4. ELI WHITNEY The invention which changed the South, cotton and slavery. • Removed cotton seed from cotton fiber. • Mass production of cotton • Cotton becomes major export and national commodity for US • By 1860’s cotton accounted for more than ½ of the US economy

5. Cotton gin invented in 1793 50 times more effective than hand picking Raising cotton more profitable South needs slavery more than ever for “King Cotton” Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine • New England factories flourish with Southern cotton • Southern farmers become wealthy

6. Interchangeable Parts • Whitney is also noted for the concept of mass production and interchangeable parts by creating dyes for pistols and rifles. • Very important early pioneer in America’s industrial revolution.

7. ROBERT FULTON • 1807, Fulton's Clermont, was the first commercially successful and reliable steamboat. Steam boat would revolutionize water travel. • The steamboat was often the only mechanical means of river travel and freight transportation from 1808 through 1930.

8. Henry Miller Shreve and the Improved Steamboat • Shreve designed a steamboat, the Heliopolis, that had a jaw-like device on its bow to pick up and remove snags to a sawmill on the boat's deck. • Double-Boiler Design of Engine

9. John Deere & the Steel Plow

10. Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper

11. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840sSewing Machine Perfected by Singer Gave boost to northern industry Became foundation for ready-made clothing industry Led many women into factories

12. Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph “WHAT GOD HATH WROUGHT”

13. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

15. Westward Movement Americans marched quickly toward west very hard w/ disease & loneliness Frontier people were individualistic, superstitious & ill-informed Westward movement molded environment tobacco exhausted land “Kentucky blue grass” thrived

16. Population Growth from 1620 to 1860 5.3 million

21. City growth Westward expansionGrowth of cities and states by 1850

22. The March of the Millions • High birthrate accounted for population growth • Population doubling every 25 years • Near 1850s, millions of Irish, German came • Beginning in 1830, immigration in the US soared

24. IMMIGRATION

25. Irish Immigration Irish Potato Famine 1845-1849 Main ports of entry – New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston Irish were too poor to move inland and farm so they stayed in the cities Boston did not particularly like the Irish – catholic, illiterate, poor “No Irish need apply!” Ancient Order of Hibernians Benevolent society to help Irish Spawned “Molly Maguires” (miners union) Gradually improved and became active politically NY’s Tammany Hall, Irish political machine

26. German Immigration Most Germans came due to crop failures Germans better off than Irish, came west, many to Wisconsin A few were political refugees from collapse of democratic revolutions in 1848 German contributions include Kentucky rifle, Christmas tree, kindergarten, and abolitionists Some Americans were suspicious because they tried to preserve language, culture and lived in separate communities, and drank beer

27. Sources of Immigration, 1820-40

28. Sources of Immigration, 1840-60

29. IMMIGRATION • Settlements of Immigrants • Irish in Northeastern cities: New York and Boston • Germans would settle in Midwest

30. Early Nativism • American “nativists” feared 1840s & 1850s invasion of immigrants • Took jobs, grew Roman Catholicism • Catholics built their own schools, were #1 denomination by 1850 • 1849: Nativists form Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, developed into “Know-Nothing” party • Wanted immigration restrictions • Nativists occasionally violent, burned Boston convent (1834) • Philadelphia Irish fought back, 13 killed in several days of fighting (1844)

31. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • A shift from goods made by hand to factory and mass production • Technological innovations brought production from farmhouse to factories • Invented in Britain in 1750; smuggled to U.S. • Beginning of US Factory System • US slow to embrace factory system • Scarce labor • Little capital • Superiority of British factories

32. AMERICAN SYSTEM • Promote nationalism was internal improvements to unite the US. • Transportation system of roads, canals, steamships and rivers. • 1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of transportation • 1860, the railroad is added Henry Clay, Congressmen from Kentucky John C. Calhoun, US Senator from South Carolina • Provide economic growth • Americans buying American goods • American self-sufficiency. • Protective tariff (allows US factories to grow) • 2nd Bank of the United States • 3 Sections working together to build the country

33. SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES • NORTHEAST • Business and Manufacturing • Daniel Webster____________ • Wanted Tariffs • Backed internal improvements • Wanted end to cheap public land • Increasingly nationalistic • Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt. must abolish it. EconomyLeader __________ Role ofGovernment

34. SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES • SOUTH • Cotton growing • John C. Calhoun • _____________ • Opposed tariffs and government spending on American System • Increasingly supportive of states’ rights • Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it. EconomyLeader __________ Role ofGovernment

35. SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES • WEST • Frontier agriculture • Henry Clay • _____________ • Supported internal improvements • Wanted cheap land • Loyal to the U.S. Govt. • Against slavery but some supported letting the people decide the slavery issue EconomyLeader __________ Role ofGovernment

36. Principal Canals in 1840

38. AMERICAN SYSTEM Highways • Bad roads made transportation highly unreliable • The National Road begun in 1811 and completed by 1832 • Connected Maryland to Illinois. • Built by US government

39. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

40. Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s

41. Help unite the country as well as improve the economy and the infant industry. • Because of the British blockade during the War of 1812, it was essential for internal transportation improvements.

42. The Railroad Revolution,1850s • 1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant development toward national economy • Americans demanded transcontinental railroad to California. • Completed by 1869.

44. Pioneer Railroad Promoters • 1800 to 1850: Roads, canals, navigable rivers with steamboats were the main modes of transportation. • 1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant development toward national economy • Competition between Railroads and Canals • Obstacles • opposition from canal backers • danger of fire • poor brakes • difference in track gauge meant changing trains

45. Map rr

46. Effects of the Transportation Revolution • 1860-61, Pony Express connected East-West • Telegraph instantly sent messages across US • Attraction of many large capital investments and encouraged risk taking in the US economy • People moved faster and country expanded • Unifying spirit among fellow country men • A need for a transcontinental railroad that connected east to west

47. Telegraph revolutionized communication • Would replace the Pony Express by 1861

48. Trails TRAILS WESTWARD

49. US FACTORY SYSTEM • Built first textile mill in 1793 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. • Born in England on June 9, 1768 and worked in British factories. • Slater came to US to make his fortune in the textile industry. • Slatersville Mill was the largest and most modern industrial cotton mill of its day Samuel Slater was the "Father of the American Factory System."

50. Early Textile Loom