NanoLab

1. NanoLab Physics 4970 Spring 2007 TR 14:30-16:20development funded by a grant fromNational Science Foundation Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education

2. The Scale of Things -- Nanometers and More 1 cm 10 mm 10-2 m Head of a pin 1-2 mm 21st Century Challenge 1,000,000 nanometers = 10-3 m Ant ~ 5 mm 1 millimeter (mm) Microwave Dust mite 200 mm 0.1 mm 100 mm 10-4 m Fly ash ~ 10-20 mm Human hair ~ 10-50 mm wide 0.01 mm 10 mm The Microworld 10-5 m Infrared Red blood cells with white cell ~ 2-5 mm 1,000 nanometers = 10-6 m 1 micrometer (mm) Visible 0.1 mm 100 nm 10-7 m Combine nanoscale building blocks to make novel functional devices, e.g., a photosynthetic reaction center with integral semiconductor storage Ultraviolet 0.01 mm 10 nm The Nanoworld 10-8 m Nanotube transistor Nanotube electrode ~10 nm diameter ATP synthase 10-9 m 1 nanometer (nm) Soft x-ray DNA ~2-1/2 nm diameter 10-10 m 0.1 nm Carbon nanotube ~2 nm diameter Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface positioned one at a time with an STM tip Corral diameter 14 nm Things Natural Things Manmade MicroElectroMechanical devices 10 -100 mm wide Red blood cells Pollen grain Zone plate x-ray “lens”Outermost ring spacing ~35 nm Atoms of silicon spacing ~tenths of nm Office of Basic Energy Sciences Office of Science, U.S. DOE Version 03-05-02

4. milli 10-3 Latin micros thousand micro 10-6 Greek micros small nano 10-9 Greek nanos dwarf pico 10-12 Spanish pico small quantity femto 10-15 Danish/Norwegian femten fifteen atto 10-18 Danish/Norwegian atten eighteen Nano Nano Nano Nano Nano

5. Why Nano? • electronics • Nanoelectronic  smaller faster transistors • molecular scale electronics  build electronic circuits with molecules • quantum computing • mechanics • MEMS micro electromechanical systems • accelerometers, nano-guitar • NEMS nano electromechanical systems • molecular motors

6. Two Different Approaches to Nanofabrication • Top ⇨ Down: Start with the big chunk and cut away material to make the what you want. • Bottom ⇨ Up: Building what you want by assembling it from small prefabricated units such as atoms and molecules.

7. Today’s Science FictionTomorrow’s Technology? • Molecular Nanotechnology • Building functional nanostructuresby controlling the placement of molecules • Molecular manufacturing  molecular assemblers • examples: nanites (Star Trek, etc.) • Resources • Foresight Institute (molecular nanotechnology) • Institute for Molecular Manufacturing • Zyvex (molecular nanotechnology) • Mitre Corp (molecular scale electronics)

8. Moore’s Law In 1965 Gordon Moore observed that number of transistors per integrated circuit was growing exponentially with time. Doubling every 2 yrs (approximately) Gordon E. Moore, “Cramming more components onto integrated circuits,” Electronics,38(8), (19 Apr 1965).

9. Molecular Scale Electronics Individual molecules serve as electronic components. Molecular Electronic Devices:Can Molecules Perform the Function of Electronic Insulators, Wires and Switches?

10. The History of NanoLab • NanoLab was first run during the Aug 2003 intersession. • Development of NanoLab is funded by the NSF NUE • The intent is to provide an introduction to nanotechnology that is accessible at the sophomore level. • Does this mean that NanoLab dumbed down? NO. • There are many levels of understanding. Is it necessary to be a motorcycle mechanic to ride a motorcycle? • Students are encouraged to pursue understanding of the material to a level where they are comfortable.

11. What is NanoLab • general hands-on experience • Nanotechnology beyond the hype • What is actually involved? • An introduction to our capabilities at OU • NanoLab uses active research facilities. • Many of the activities you will do are based on actual ongoing research. TAs have developed and tested the procedures so that they will work in the time allotted.

12. How is NanoLab Graded?(Physics 4970) • Attendance • Participation • Quizzes/Homework • Lab reports/presentations (?) • every student/group should keep a lab notebook

13. NanoLab Activities • Electroluminescent Panels (ACTFEL) • Atomic scale structure: Crystals & surfaces • nanoparticle optics (microscopy, light scattering, absorption) • Microscopy (optical & electron, resolution, diffraction limit) • Scanning probe microscopy (AFM, STM, nanolithography) • X-ray diffraction from ultra fine powders • surface modification (single molecule thick layers  monolayers) • microcontact printing & pattern transfer • TiO2 solar cell • AAO templated growth • Microfluidics • Carbon Nanotubes (?) • Field trip to Zyvex & TI • Brownian motion, molecular ratchets, and stochastic motors • Single nanoparticle microscopy

14. What Would YOU Like to do? NanoLab depends on YOU Please take tell us the following (on paper) • List your interests. • What are some topics you would really like to cover in NanoLab? • Do you have experience with techniques that would benefit NanoLab?

15. The Future of NanoLab • The future depends on you • We need to hear from you. What are you interests. What did you like? What did you not? • Would you recommend NanoLab to your friends? • Should NanoLab be repeated?

16. Useful Approximate Numbers • distance between atoms ~3Å ~ 10–7.5 cm (3x10–8 cm ~ 100.5x10–8 cm = 10–7.5 cm) • # atoms/cm ~ 107.5 • # atoms/cm2 ~ (107.5)2 = 1015 • # atoms/cm3 ~ (107.5)3 = 1022.5