古文翻译

1. 孤寂的海上的灯塔挽救了许多船只的沉没，任何航行的船只都可以得到那灯光的指引。哈里希岛上的姐姐为着弟弟点在窗前的长夜孤灯，虽然不曾唤回那个航海远去的弟弟，可是不少捕鱼归来的邻人都得到了它的帮助。 再回溯到远古的年代去。古希腊女教土希洛（Hero）点燃的火炬照亮了每夜泅过海峡来的利安得尔(Leander)的眼睛。有一个夜晚暴风雨把火炬弄灭了，让那个勇敢的情人溺死在海里。但是熊熊的火光至今还隐约地亮在我们的眼前，似乎那火炬并没有跟着殉情的古美人永沉底。

2. A solitary lighthouse in the sea prevented many ships from sinking. All boats were guided by it. According to an old story a sister (on Harris Island) lit a lamp for her brother at a seaside window night after night. Although it didn’t call back her brother from his voyage on the sea, it helped many fishermen on their homeward journeys. • Let’s look back through the centuries. In ancient Greece, the torch of Hero, the priestess, shone on the eyes of Leander, who swam across the bay every night. One night, a storm put the torch out and doomed the brave lover. But the light seems to be burning before us still, as if the torch was not extinguished with the beautiful maid who drowned herself for love.

3. 这些光都不是为我燃着的，可是连我也分到了它们的一点恩泽——一点光，一点热。光驱散了我心灵里的黑暗，热促成它的发育。一个朋友说：“我们不是单靠吃米活着，” 我自然也是如此。我的心常常在黑暗的海上飘浮，要不是得着灯光的指引，它有一天也会永沉海底。 • All these lights were not for me. But I benefited from their light and warmth, the former driving away the darkness in my heart, the latter nurturing it. A friend said, “We do not live on rice alone.” I found this to be true too. My heart, floating on a dark sea, would sink to the bottom one day if there was no light to guide it.

4. 古文翻译 • 一、了解文言文的基本知识，注意古文的句式表达。 • 西蜀之去南海，不知几千里也。 • Western Sichuan is separated from the South Sea by several thousand li. • 韵友来，名妓至，杯箸安，竹肉发。 （ 竹肉：指管乐和歌喉） • When fellow versifiers and famous singer and dancer girls come, the table is set and the performance begins.

5. 意动句： • 吾妻之美我者，私我也；妾之美我者，畏我也；客之美我者，欲有求于我也。 • My wife says I am better looking because she is partial to me, my concubine says I am better looking because she is afraid of me, and my guest says I am better looking because he hopes to get something out of me!

6. 使动句： • 劳心者治人，劳力者治于人；治于人者食人，治人者食于人，天下之通义也。 • Those who work with their minds rule others; those who work with their strength are ruled by others. Those who are ruled by others support them; those who rule others are supported by them. This is a principle universally recognized. • 我若推调，必为所笑 (三国演义) • If I refuse, I shall be a laughing-stock.

7. 二、运用所学句子翻译技巧，灵活翻译。 • 如：正反表达转换 • 物有不可忘，或有不可不忘；夫人有德于公子，公子不可忘也；公子有德于人，愿公子忘之也。（史记-魏公子列传) • There are things a man should remember and things he should forget. If someone does you a good turn, by all means remember it; but if you do someone else a good turn, forget it.

8. 三、平时多注意积累，领会古今用法之差异。 • 时间表示法： • 太元七年，冬，十月，秦王坚会群臣于太极殿。 • In the hibernal tenth month of the seventh year of the Taiyuan period of the East Jin Dynasty, King Fu Jian of the Earlier Qin state summoned his courtiers to Taiji Palace. • 腊月二十三灶王爷上天，后台封上戏箱，要等年初一开戏。(新风霞回忆录) • On the twenty-third of the twelfth lunar month, the Kitchen god went up to heaven, and the theatre shut down until New Year’s Day. (戴乃迭)

9. 我国古代除年、月、日表达独特外，夜间计时方法也很别致，如“更”、“鼓”、“漏”的概念。一夜分五更，每更时间长短依夜的长短而定，一般约两小时。我国古代除年、月、日表达独特外，夜间计时方法也很别致，如“更”、“鼓”、“漏”的概念。一夜分五更，每更时间长短依夜的长短而定，一般约两小时。 • 如:夜半三更；夜阑更尽。三更通三鼓或三漏。鼓为旧时报时工具，漏指漏刻，是一种白天黑夜都能记时的水钟。林语堂先生将‘三漏”英译为“Midnight”。如:

10. 是夜送亲城外，返，己漏三下… • That night, when I came back from outside the city, whither I had accompanied my girl cousin the bride, it was midnight… • 那天己交三鼓，二人方散。 • They did not part until the third watch. . . • 和尚说:贾爷今日五鼓己进京去了。 • The monk says that Mr. Chia left for the capital at the fifth watch this morning.

11. 称谓表示法： • 1．当此之时，齐有孟尝，赵有平原，楚有春申，魏有信陵。此四君者，皆明智而忠信，宽厚而爱人，尊贤而重士… 译为: • At the time there were Mengchang of Qi, Pingyuan of Zhao, Chunshen of Chu and Xinling • of Wei---the four prestigious princes, who were perspicacious（敏锐） and judicious（明智）, loyal and faithful, benevolent（慈善） and magnanimous（宽宏大量）, respecting the wise and honoring the elite.

12. 辞海中君字的第一定义为“古代各级具有上地的统治者”。天子、诸侯及卿、大夫等有地者皆曰君。上述诸君皆为各自册封上地上的统治者，其溢号、封号中的君字与封地有关。英语中与这一定义对应的词是“lord”，信陵君公子无忌是魏昭王的小儿子，孟尝君田文是齐宣王的同父异母的兄弟，平原君赵胜为赵武灵王之子，信陵君、平原君为封号，孟尝君为溢号。译文可分别为“Prince Xinling”、`'prince Pingyuan”和‘prince Mengchang”。春申君黄歇非帝王后嗣，其封号可译成lord of Chunshen

13. 2．范睢者，魏人也，字叔。 • Fan Sui was a native of Wei whose courtesy name was Shu. • 项籍者，下相人也，字羽。 • Xiang Ji, whose other name was Yu, was a man of Xiaxiang. • 字，又称表字，是古代的中国人在名字之外，为自己取的与本名意义相关的别名。现在一般已经很少有人使用了。根据记载，古时男子20岁时取字，女子许嫁时取字。如孔丘字仲尼，司马迁字子长，李白字太白。

14. original name/ also known as, Another given name，courtesy name/ literary name

15. 曾子之妻之市，其子随之而泣。其母曰：“女还，顾反为女杀彘。”妻适市来，曾子欲捕彘杀之。妻止之曰：“特与婴儿戏耳。”曾子曰：“婴儿非与戏也。婴儿非有智也，待父母而学者也，听父母之教。今子欺之，是教子欺也。母欺子，子而不信其母，非所以成教也。”遂烹彘也。（《韩非子．外储说左上》）

16. As Zengzi's wife was about to go to the market, her little son was making a tearful scene insisting to go with her. "Wait at home," she said to the boy, "When I come back, I will slaughter a pig for you to eat." When she came back, Zengzi was on his way to catch a pig in order to slaughter it. His wife stopped him, saying: “I wasn't serious about the pig." "Children can not be talked to in this way," he replied "they have little understanding. They learn from their parents and benefit from their parents' correct teaching. By lying to him now, you are teaching him to lie in the future. If a mother deceives her son, her son will not believe in his mother anymore. This is not the right way of education." So he slaughtered the pig and cooked it.

17. 晋太元中，武陵人捕鱼为业；缘溪行，忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林。夹岸数百步，中无杂树，芳草鲜美，落英缤纷，渔人甚异之。复前行，欲穷其林。 • 林尽水源，便得一山。山有小口，仿佛若有光，便舍船从口入。初极狭，才通人。复行数十步，豁然开朗。土地平旷，屋舍俨然，有良田、美池、桑竹之属，阡陌交通，鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作，男女衣着，悉如外人；黄发垂髫，并怡然自乐。

18. During the Tai-Yuan period of the Chin Dynasty, a fisherman from Wuling, forgetting how far he had advanced in following a creek, suddenly came to a forest of peach blossoms. For several hundred paces there was no other kind of trees on either bank of the creek. The delightful-smelling grass was beautiful and fresh, and the falling blossoms were scattered in confusion. The fisher－man was seized with wonder. He went on further, intending to go through the wood, but where the wood ended at the source of the creek he found a hill with a small opening somewhat lighted.

19.  Then the fisherman left his boat and walked through the mouth of the opening. It was rather narrow at first, barely enough for the passage of one person; but after a few more score steps it widens into an open track. A wide plain was brought into view, dotted with houses in distinct order and full of good fields, beautiful ponds, mulberry, and bamboo. It was checkered with highways and paths between the fields; cock-crow and dog-bark in one village were heard in another. The people plying to and fro and working on the farm were all men and women, dressed like the outsiders. Both the grey-haired people and the children with hanging-hair tresses all appeared happy and well-contented.

20. “The Story of Peach Blossom Spring"（By Nida 奈达）During the Tai-Yuan period of the Chin Dynasty, a fisherman from Wuling had forgotten how far he had gone in following a stream. Suddenly he came to a large orchard of peach trees in blossom, and for quite a distance there was no other kind of tree on either bank of the stream. The sweet-smelling grass was fresh and beautiful, and the fallen blossoms carpeted the ground. The fisherman was filled with wonder. He went on, intent on going through the wooded area. But when he had passed on through, he came to the spring that fed the stream, and by it was a hill with a small, dim opening.

21. The fisherman then left his boat and walked on into the opening. At first it was rather narrow, barely enough for one person to pass. But in less than a hundred steps, the passageway widened. Then he saw a wide plain, dotted with houses, arranged in order. There were good fields, beautiful ponds, mulberry trees, and bamboo groves. The area was crisscrossed with highways and paths between the fields, and from one village to another one could hear the friendly crowing of cocks and the barking of dogs. The people moved to and fro as they worked on the farms.  All the men and women were dressed in strange garments, like some foreigners. Both the grey-haired people and the children wore their hair tresses, and everyone appeared happy and content.

22. Peach Blossom Spring (By Wang Rongpei 汪榕培) • In the years of Taiyuan during the reign of Emperor Xiaowu in the Jin Dynasty, there lived in Wuling a man who made his living as a fisherman. Sailing up a stream one day, he forgot how far he had traveled when all at once he saw a grove of peach blossoms stretching hundreds of paces on both banks of the stream. There were no other kinds of trees but verdant grass in full splendor and angry flowers in profusion. Enticed by the sight, the fisherman sailed on to have a complete view of the grove.

23. The grove stretched as far as the source of the stream, where the fisherman found a hill with an opening that seemed to be lit within. He left his boat and entered the opening. At first the opening was very narrow, barely allowing him to pass, but as he went on some dozens of paces, a wide view suddenly opened before him. There was an expansive plain scattered with orderly houses, lush fields, beautiful ponds and clumps of mulberry and bamboo trees. Footpaths crisscrossed the fields, where the crowing of cocks and the barking of dogs were heard within distance. The men and women working in the fields were attired in the same manners as the people living outside; both old and young enjoyed a happy life.

24. “The Story of Peach Blossom Spring"(The unknown) • In the year of Taiyuan of the Jin Dynasty, there lived a man in Wuling jun who earned his living by fishing. One day, he rowed his boat along a stream, unaware of how far he had gone when all of a sudden, he found himself in the midst of a wood full of peach blossoms. The wood extended several hundred footsteps along both banks of the stream. There were no trees of other kinds. The lush grass was fresh and beautiful and peach petals fell in riotous profusion. The fisherman was so curious that he rowed on, in hopes of discovering where the trees ended.

25. At the end of the wood was the fountainhead of the stream. The fisherman beheld a hill, with a small opening from which issued a glimmer of light. He stepped ashore to explore the crevice. His first steps took him into a passage that accommodated only the width of one person. After he progressed about scores of paces, it suddenly widened into an open field. The land was flat and spacious. There were houses arranged in good order with fertile fields, beautiful ponds, bamboo groves, mulberry trees and paths crisscrossing the fields in all directions. The crowing of cocks and the barking of dogs were within everyone's earshot. In the fields the villagers were busy with farm work. Men and women were dressed like people outside. They all, old and young, appeared happy.

26. 太史公曰：传曰“其身正，不令而行；其身不正，虽令不从。”其李将军之谓也? 余睹李将军，悛悛如鄙人，口不能道辞。及死之日，天下知与不知，皆为尽哀。彼其忠实心诚信于士大夫也。谚曰：“桃李不言，下自成蹊。”此言虽小，可以喻大也。 • 悛悛(xun)如鄙人：诚实拘谨的样子像个乡下人。悛悛：诚谨貌。鄙人：乡野之人。不能道辞：不擅辞令

27. The Grand Historian comments: We read in the classics, “If a man is straight, others will follow him without being told. If he is not, no amount of orders will make them follow him.” This applies to General Li Guang. I found him as unassuming as a simple farmer, hardly able to get a word out. Yet the day that he died his sincerity and honesty had so impressed men that, whether they knew him or not, all mounted deeply for him. The proverb says, “The peach and plum trees cannot speak, yet a path is trodden out to them.” This simple saying conveys a wealth of meaning.

28. 项王军壁垓下，兵少食尽，汉军及诸侯兵围之数重。夜闻汉军四面皆楚歌，项王乃大惊曰：“汉皆已得楚乎？是何楚人之多也！”项王则夜起，饮帐中。有美人名虞，常幸从；骏马名骓，常骑之。于是项王乃悲歌慷慨，自为诗曰：“力拔山兮气盖世，时不利兮骓不逝。骓不逝兮可奈何，虞兮虞兮奈若何！”歌数阕，美人和之。项王泣数行下，左右皆泣，莫能仰视。 项王军壁垓下，兵少食尽，汉军及诸侯兵围之数重。夜闻汉军四面皆楚歌，项王乃大惊曰：“汉皆已得楚乎？是何楚人之多也！”项王则夜起，饮帐中。有美人名虞，常幸从；骏马名骓，常骑之。于是项王乃悲歌慷慨，自为诗曰：“力拔山兮气盖世，时不利兮骓不逝。骓不逝兮可奈何，虞兮虞兮奈若何！”歌数阕，美人和之。项王泣数行下，左右皆泣，莫能仰视。 

29. Xiang Yu’s army at Gaixia, with only a handful of troops and right out of supplies, was hemmed in by the men of Han and the other states. At night he heard the besiegers all about him singing Chu songs. “Has Han already conquered Chu?” he asked in dismay. “They have so many men of Chu with them!”

30. He rose that night to drink in his tent. With him was the lovely Lady Yu, who followed wherever he went, and Zhui, the swift steed which he always rode. Now Xiang Yu chanted a tragic air, setting words to it himself:

31. My strength uprooted mountains, • My spirit overtopped the world; • But the times are against me, • And Zhui can gallop no more. • When Zhui can gallop no more • What can I do? • And what is to become • Of Lady Yu?

32. He sang this song several times and Lady Yu joined in. Tears coursed down his cheeks, While all his followers wept and bowed their heads in sorrow.

33. 　　温哥华（Vancouver）的辉煌是温哥华人智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中包括多民族的贡献。加拿大地广人稀，国土面积比中国还大，人口却不足3000万。吸收外来移民，是加拿大长期奉行的国策。可以说，加拿大除了印第安人外，无一不是外来移民，不同的只是时间长短而已。温哥华则更是世界上屈指可数的多民族城市。现今180万温哥华居民中，有一半不是在本地出生的，每4个居民中就有一个是亚洲人。而25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性的作用。他们其中有一半是近5年才来到温哥华地区的，使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地。 　　温哥华（Vancouver）的辉煌是温哥华人智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中包括多民族的贡献。加拿大地广人稀，国土面积比中国还大，人口却不足3000万。吸收外来移民，是加拿大长期奉行的国策。可以说，加拿大除了印第安人外，无一不是外来移民，不同的只是时间长短而已。温哥华则更是世界上屈指可数的多民族城市。现今180万温哥华居民中，有一半不是在本地出生的，每4个居民中就有一个是亚洲人。而25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性的作用。他们其中有一半是近5年才来到温哥华地区的，使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地。 

34. Vancouver’s prosperity owes to the intelligence and diligence of the people there, as well as to the contributions made by a variety of other ethnic groups. Canada is a vast country with a sparse population, having a territory larger than that of China but a population of less than 30 million. That is why Canada has long adopted a national policy of absorbing immigrants from other countries. We may say that, with the exception of the (aboriginal) Indian people, Canadians are made up of immigrants, different from each other only in how long they have settled down there. Vancouver is most typical of this which is among the few cities in the world featuring multi-nationalities. Of the 18 million people living in Vancouver nowadays, half were not born in Vancouver and 1/4 is from Asia. Out of the 250 thousand Chinese-Canadians who have played a decisive role in Vancouver’s economic growth, half have immigrated to the region only 5 years before. All these Chinese-Canadians have made Vancouver the region with the largest Chinese communities outside China.