Europe to the Early 1500s

1. Europe to the Early 1500s

2. Ottto I (936-973 AD) • Henry the Fowler (918-936 AD), King of Germany • Otto I (936-973 AD) • Conquers Part of Italy • Defeats Magyars at Lechfeld (955 AD) • Enlists churchmen into government • February 2, 962, Pope John XII crowned him as Emperor.

3. Cluny Reform Movement (10th-11th century AD) • 910 AD—Count of Auverne founds new monastery (Benedictine) • Leaders of Western Monasticism • Uniqueness: • organizational structure • the prohibition on holding land by feudal service • its execution of the liturgy as its main form of work.

4. Cluny Organization • Abbot of Cluny is the boss • Daughter Houses (Priories) are run by priors, appointed by the Abbot of Cluny • Priors meet at Cluny to make account for service yearly

5. Customs of Cluny • Old monasteries combined physical labor and prayer to achieve economic independence • By 9th century, Prayer was main business of monks • Donations now paid for servants who worked while the monks prayed and performed masses for the dead in purgatory • Monks now lived like wealthy nobles with gold cups, drinking wine and eating roast chicken and cheese and wearing silken and linen robes • This inevitably leads to corruption

6. Calls for Reform • Pushed for independence of Church from Secular authority • Called for clergy under Papal authority only • Better educated priests; make all celibate too. • An attack on poorly educated peasant priests with mistresses / wives

7. Investiture Struggle • Gregory VII (1073-1085 AD) • He attacks the investment of bishops and priests by secular authorities • Henry IV(1056 (King)/84 (Holy Roman Emperor)-1105 AD • He attacks Papal authority but his nobles sell him out, forcing him to grovel before the pope at Canossa in 1076 AD • 1122—Concordat of Worms compromises —King invests with land rights, Pope with religious power

8. The Crusades

9. The Crusades • Outlet for heightened religosity • Also a way for younger sons to get land • 1071—Manzikert • Byzantines ask pope for help • Pope gives a call for a holy crusade at the Council of Claremont.

10. The Pope Calls For Holy War • "Let those who have been accustomed unjustly to wage private warfare against the faithful now go against the infidels and end with victory this war which should have been begun long ago. Let those who for a long time, have been robbers, now become knights. Let those who have been fighting against their brothers and relatives now fight in a proper way against the barbarians. Let those who have been serving as mercenaries for small pay now obtain the eternal reward. Let those who have been wearing themselves out in both body and soul now work for a double honor." -- From Fulcher of Chartes' account of Urban II's speech

11. First Crusade • The People’s Crusade—Peasants + Knights,led by Peter the Hermit of Amiens -- 100,000 • The German Crusade—Jew-Slaughtering Knights • The Baron’s Crusade—French, Norman, and Italian knights, 7000 strong, another 20-30,000 footmen

12. Constantinople and Beyond • By May 1097, all three armies reach Constantinople • People’s Army attacks Turks, dies in droves • Germans and French unite, head south • Capture Antioch and Edessa • South to Jerusalem • Five week siege • According to Fulcher of Chartres: "Indeed, if you had been there you would have seen our feet coloured to our ankles with the blood of the slain. But what more shall I relate? None of them were left alive; neither women nor children were spared".

13. Crusader States • The first Crusader state, the County of Edessa, was founded in 1098 and lasted until 1144. • The Principality of Antioch, founded in 1098, lasted until 1268. • The County of Tripoli (the Lebanese city, not the Libyan capital), founded in 1104, with Tripoli itself conquered in 1109, lasted until 1288. • The Kingdom of Jerusalem, founded in 1099, lasted until 1291, when the city of Acre fell. There were also many vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the four major lordships (seigneuries) being: • The Principality of Galilee • The County of Jaffa and Ascalon • The Lordship of Oultrejordain • The Lordship of Sidon • The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia had its origins before the Crusades, but was granted the status of a kingdom by Pope Innocent III, and later became semi-westernized by the (French) Lusignan dynasty.

14. Crusader States

15. Crusader Orders • Knight-Monk Orders founded to defend Outremer • Order of the Hospital of St. John or The Hospitallers - Founded c.1070. Papal Order 1113 • Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon or Knights Templar - Founded c.1118. Papal Order 1128 - the first purely military order. • Knights of St Lazarus - Founded early 12th Century. Militarised c.1123. Most likely an offshoot of the Hospitallars. • Order of Montjoie - Founded c.1180. • Teutonic Knights of the Hospital of St Mary of Jerusalem or The Teutonic Knights - Founded 1190. Papal Order 1198. • Hospitallers of St Thomas of Canterbury at Acre or Knights of St Thomas Acon - Founded 1191. Militarised c.1217.

16. Second and Third Crusades • The Second Crusade (1147-49) – Response to Fall of Edessa; not very impressive • Third Crusade (1189-92 AD) • Saladin (1138-93) conquers Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1187 • Kings of France (Philip Augustus), Germany (Frederick Barbarossa), England (Richard the Lion Hearted) unite to take on Saladin • Barbarossa drowns in a river • France and England fall out; French leave and attack England • Richard fights to a tie, takes Acre • Richard goes home and is taken hostage in Germany for 2 years

17. The Fourth Crusade: 1202-4 • 30,000 crusaders sack Zara for Venice to pay for transit to Holy Land • Civil War in Byzantium; exiled Prince Alexius Angelus asks Crusaders for help • Crusaders install him on throne; he sells them out, so they sack the city in 1204 and take over • Never gets to the Holy Land

18. More Futile Crusades • Fifth Crusade (1217-1221): Austria, Hungary, Dutch vs. Egypt. Flop • Sixth Crusade (1228-9): HRE Frederick II buys Jerusalem • The Seventh Crusade (1248-54) : Saint Louis invades Egypt. Flop. • The Eighth Crusade (1270) : Saint Louis invades Tunisia; Disease wins. • The Ninth Crusade (1271-2): Edward I of England makes minor gains; goes home to inherit the throne. • 1291 AD: Fall of Acre ends the Crusades

19. Towns and Townsfolk • 5% of population in 11th-12th centuries • Town Charters: Money for Freedom • Rise of the Merchants • Cities + King vs. Nobility • Town Councils: Nobles + Merchants • Trade Guilds: Artisans United • Master / Journeyman / Apprentice • Rise of City-States in Germany and Italy • Urban Jews—Some Financiers, Many Poor

20. Education • 12th Century—Return of Greek Philosophy via Muslim Spain • Rise of Universities: • Bologna (1158) • Roman Law Focus • Model for Spain, Italy, South France • University of Paris (late 12th century) • Theology Focus • Model for North France, Germany, England, Scandanavia

21. Scholasticism • Synthetic Learning: You study the received wisdom, debate it, then draw your conclusions, synthesizing a conclusion • The goal is to rediscover past knowledge and to preserve past wisdom, rather than achieving new knowledge • Students write commentaries on older works: • Summary: Boiling down older works into shorter versions • Annotation: Adding to older works with commentary, observations, contemporary incident, etc.

22. Peter Abelard (1079-1142) and Héloïse (1101-16 May 1164) • Peter Abelard = Brilliant Theologian; Heloise = his student, niece of Canon Fulbert of Notre Dame • Abelard was a rigorous scholastic and a huge supporter of the study of Greek Philosophy and its integration with Catholic Theology • Enemy of Saint Bernard, who emphasized faith and said 'Greek Philosophy ' = Pagan = Evil • Abelard said that motives behind an act determine its morality more than the act itself (subjective morality)

23. Abelard and Heloise: The Love Tragedy I • University Professors required to be celibate • He takes a side job tutoring Heloise, niece of Canon Fulbert of Notre Dame • They become lovers • She becomes pregnant; their son is named Astrolabius. • Affair is exposed. Her family has him castrated.

24. Abelard and Heloise: The Love Tragedy II • He flees to a monastery; she becomes a nun • They maintain decades of correspondence which we still have today • 1121: Saint Bernard has all his books burned and condemned as heresy • 1140: All his teachings condemned as heresy.

25. Abelard and Heloise: The Love Tragedy III • He dies bitter and burnt out in 1142, trying to appeal his condemnation • Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) would later elevate Abelard's articulation of the idea of Limbo into Catholic theology. • Heloise spent her last years working to improve the life of monastic women and studying theology

26. The Three Orders • Nobility: Those Who Fight • Clergy: Those Who Pray • Peasantry: Those Who Work • Merchants and the like didn't fit well in this scheme but were very small in numbers

27. The Nobility • By 1200, a hard to enter nobility of hereditary status emerged • Noble Title: Some held specific titles (Duke, Count, Baron, etc). • Noble Status. Larger group held 'noble status' without a formal title or just as 'Sir Whatever' • England: Only Noble Title holders were nobles • Germany: Many, many noble titles, some ruled little more than a good sized ranch. • Poland: By 1700, 30% of population held noble status, but most were dirt poor

28. Those Who Fight • To be a noble was to have the obligation of military service in return for holding land and serfs. • Mounted Cavalry rules the battlefield • As it becomes harder to afford the gear, the nobility becomes closed • But in late middle ages, rising merchants marry noble families who need MONEY • After 1300, Pike, Cannon, and Musket begin to undercut military role of knights

29. Clergy • Upper Rank = Educated upper class Bishops, Abbots, Canons, etc. • Lower Rank = Barely literate peasant priests • Regular Clergy = Priest-Monks • Secular Clergy = Non Monk Priests; many became royal or noble administrators if educated

30. Monasticism • Cloistered Orders = Withdraw from world to pray • Friars = Do Charitable work in the world or teach

31. Power and Temptation • Clergy = “First Order” • Church owns 1/3rd of land • Theology = “Queen of the Sciences” • Church has to struggle with conflicting temporal and spiritual imperatives and its leaders are men from the class of luxury, not humility or poverty

32. Peasantry • Serfs were bound to the land and owed traditional rents and work duties to the lord, but married as they chose and owned property of their own. • Lord holds judicial and police powers over them • Some families accumulated private land and rose • By late middle ages, rising trade led to fixed payments of money taking place of labor duties and rents. • After Black Plague, even better terms could sometimes be reached due to labor shortage.

33. Medieval Women • Traditional Roles: Wives or Nuns • Cult of Mary and Courtly Love Literature = Women as Moral Exemplars, Inspiring Men • Nuns had more freedom than most women, but usually only noblewomen could pay to enter • Monogamy gives women more dignity and security but also means more pressure, shorter lives • Most women worked side by side with husband in aspects of same trade

34. England Vs. France: Emergence of National Monarchies (1066 to 1214) • William the Conqueror (c. 1028 – 1087): • Edward the Confessor (1042-66) – Heirless King • Claimants: • Earl Harold Godwinson of Mercia • William, Duke of Normandy • William gets Papal backing

35. 1066 And All That (Hastings) • Harold calls out the Anglo-Saxon Levy: A Farmer Militia of footmen with leather, shields, spears and simple bows • Vikings invade Northern England; Harold Defeats them • Norman Knights and Italian Crossbowmen invade England • Battle of Hastings, October 14 • Harold is slain

36. William the Conqueror (Rules England 1066-1087) • Saxons gradually driven from power, replaced with French and Norman nobles • Well organized feudalism • Noble estates scattered to weaken them • High noble titles kept limited in number • But Kings consult with nobles to reduce conflict

37. Ongoing Instabilities • Kings of England also Dukes of Normandy; drawn into French politics vs. French kings slowly growing in power • Henry II (1154-89) married Eleanor of Aquataine and obtained control of most of southern France; Kings of France = not happy • French play Henry's sons (Richard the Lionhearted, John, etc.) against him

38. Fall of Normandy • Richard (1189-1199 AD) the Lionhearted's crusade forces Regent John to tax heavily for no real gain • Source of Robin Hood Legend • Once John (1199-1216) is King, France crushes him and the English lose most lands in France • Nobility revolts; John signs Magna Carta in 1215 AD • Magna Carta meant neither King nor Nobles would dominate England entirely

39. France Rising • At height of dark ages, France was lost in many states and feudal anarchy • French Kings only really ruled 'Ile de France' around Paris • Replaced nobles with appointed Baillis, who governed land for wages and a term of office (Balliwick) • Philip II Augustus(1180-1223 AD): Defeats the English at Bouvines (1214 AD)

40. Saint / King Louis IX (1226-1279) • Embodied Medieval Ideal of the Just, Generous Monarch AND was a pillar of religious devotion • Ended private wars • Eased access to royal justice • Fairer taxes • Golden Age of Scholasticism and Architecture • 2 crusades (BIG FLOPS)

41. Saint Louis • Builds Sainte Chapelle ("Holy Chapel") • a shrine for the Crown of Thorns and a fragment of the True Cross (worth 135,000 livres) • Relics were a sign of prestige and a target for pilgrims • Showed France was “The New Jerusalem”

42. The Hohenstaufen Empire (1152-1272 AD) • Holy Roman Empire Dynasty • Frederick I Barbarossa (1152-1190 AD): • Strong ruler; fought with Popes • Papacy tried to bring him down to protect their Italian lands • Drowned in Turkey during third crusade

43. Frederick II (1212-50) • Captured by Papacy when young, raised as ward • Cynical about religion. • Preferred to stay home in Sicily where he grew up • Leaves Germany to sink into anarchy • Repeatedly excommunicated • Went on Crusade WHILE excommunicated and freed Jerusalem. BY BUYING IT. • After his death, the central government of the HRE collapses, replaced by Elected Monarchs.

44. Hundred Years War (1337-1453 AD)

45. Causes of the 100 Years' War • Charles IV Capet dies, last of the Capets • His sister Isabella married Edward II of England, begat King Edward III of England (1327-1377) • Philip VI (1328-50), founder of the house of Valois, was his cousin, argued you couldn't trace descent through women under the 'Salic Law'. • 1337: Philip launches the war, invading Gascony

47. French Problems • 17 million Frenchmen vs. 4 million English • France has more knights but England has much better archers and its knights are more disciplined • French Knights despise their own mercenary archers • French fight stupidly until 1430s.

48. Edwardian War (1337-1360) • Early fighting = inconclusive • Crecy (1346) • 10,000 English vs. 35,000 French • Total English Victory • Fall of Calais to English • 1347 - 1351: Black Plague kills 30-60%

49. Poitiers (1356) • Black Knight Edward (son of Edward III) crushes French • Imagine Knights charging in a vinyard • French Countryside collapses into anarchy • King of France captured • English control half of Brittany, Aquitaine (about a quarter of France), Calais, Ponthieu, and about half of France's vassal states as their allies

50. Caroline War (1369-1389) • French adopt Fabian Tactics • Edward III too busy dying by inches • Black Prince goes to Spain in giant waste of time, dies leaving a small child (Richard II) • Peace ensues