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Gendered Pathways to Adulthood: Select Findings from Cross Cohort Comparisons

Gendered Pathways to Adulthood: Select Findings from Cross Cohort Comparisons. Wendy Sigle-Rushton Department of Social Policy London School of Economics. Background. Trends in the form and function of family life Decline in specialised, gendered division of labour

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Gendered Pathways to Adulthood: Select Findings from Cross Cohort Comparisons

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  1. Gendered Pathways to Adulthood: Select Findings from Cross Cohort Comparisons Wendy Sigle-Rushton Department of Social Policy London School of Economics

  2. Background • Trends in the form and function of family life • Decline in specialised, gendered division of labour • Increasing female labour market participation • (More recently) some increase in men’s unpaid work • Increasing divorce rates • Protracted transition to adulthood • Changes in housing provision and role of social housing over time • How have changes affected children? • Both short and longer term • Are there gender differences?

  3. Data and Methods • Data: two prospective studies • National Child Development Study (NCDS) • British Cohort Study (BCS)

  4. Data • Data: two prospective studies • National Child Development Study (NCDS) • British Cohort Study (BCS)

  5. Data • Data: two prospective studies • National Child Development Study (NCDS) • British Cohort Study (BCS)

  6. Data • Data: two prospective studies • National Child Development Study (NCDS) • British Cohort Study (BCS)

  7. Data • Data: two prospective studies • National Child Development Study (NCDS) • British Cohort Study (BCS)

  8. Study 1: Cross-Cohort Study of Divorce and Well-being • Outcome variables: • Wave 2: behavioural scores, academic test scores • Wave 5: no qualifications, receipt of non-universal benefits • Control variables (measured at wave 1): • Disruption (interacted with sex) • Child’s sex • Behavioural scores • Academic scores • Lived in social housing (interacted with sex) • Father’s social class • Parental engagement (reading)

  9. Notes: + p<0.10, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001

  10. Notes: + p<0.10, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001

  11. Notes: + p<0.10, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001

  12. Notes: + p<0.10, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001

  13. Notes: + p<0.10, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001

  14. Notes: + p<0.10, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001

  15. Notes: + p<0.10, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001

  16. Notes: + p<0.10, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001

  17. Study 2: Gendered Predictors of Equal Sharing of Housework • Dependent Variable • Equal sharing of domestic work • Responsibility for domestic work (4 items) • Scale 0-2, with higher scores indicating higher contribution • Average score: between 0.75-1.25 coded as equal sharing • Childhood background variables • Mothers’ paid employment • Family disruption • Mother’s education • Presence of siblings • Other control variables • Educational qualifications • Independent living • Previous Partnership • Marital status • Presence of children • Own and partner’s employment status

  18. Data and Measurement: Reports of the Division of Household Labour – Cohort Members (CM) in Partnership, by Sex

  19. Odds Ratios Linking Childhood Experiences to Equal Division of Housework, by Sex and Cohort

  20. Odds Ratios Linking Childhood Experiences to Equal Division of Housework, by Sex and Cohort

  21. Odds Ratios Linking Childhood Experiences to Equal Division of Housework, by Sex and Cohort

  22. Odds Ratios Linking Adult Experiences to Equal Division of Housework, by Sex and Cohort

  23. Odds Ratios Linking Adult Experiences to Equal Division of Housework, by Sex and Cohort

  24. Odds Ratios Linking Adult Experiences to Equal Division of Housework, by Sex and Cohort

  25. Concluding Observations • General project findings: • Many childhood antecedents matter for adult outcomes • Adult indicators of disadvantage • Early adult experiences and contemporaneous variables? • Strong gender and cohort differences for most adult outcomes • Few examples of gender or cohort differences in strength of association with childhood antecedents • Parental divorce/disruption • Short-term outcomes • No significant gender or cohort differences • Significant main effects become insignificant • Longer-term outcomes • No gender differences except for NCDS men and qualifications • More sharing of domestic work for NCDS women, less sharing for BCS men

  26. Concluding Observations • Social Housing • Short-term outcomes • Links between social housing and aggression are stronger for girls • Links between social housing and restlessness are stronger for BCS girls • No gender differences in academic performance but significant main effects • Longer-term outcomes • Links to more disadvantage • Perhaps requires further scrutiny? • Gendered pathways from adolescence to early adulthood to subsequent disadvantage?

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