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Introduction to Research

This comprehensive overview delves into the essence and methodology of research, distinguishing between science and philosophy, science and religion, and exploring the scientific method in detail. It covers critical concepts such as hypothesis formation, data collection, and analysis, while emphasizing the importance of ethical considerations in research involving human subjects. Readers will gain a well-rounded understanding of both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, and the necessity of institutional oversight through IRBs, to protect participants and uphold integrity in research.

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Introduction to Research

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  1. Introduction to Research

  2. Research and Truth • Separation of science and philosophy • Aristotle, Plato, Socrates • Separation of science and religion • Einstein-dice

  3. Four Parts of Research Paper • Introduction • Foundation and groundwork • Materials and methods • How was it done • Results • What happened • Discussion • What does it mean

  4. What is Research? • Scientific method? • Rules of order • Based on truth • Generally unchangeable • Well understood and accepted

  5. Nature of Research (problem solving) • Systematic • Identify variables and collect data • Logical • evaluation • Empirical • Tested and seen • Reductive • inference • Replicable • Repeatable by others

  6. Unscientific Methods • Tenacity • Intuition • Authority • Rational (Socratic syllogism) • Empirical

  7. Scientific Method (5 steps) • Identify problem • Form hypotheses • Gather data • Analyze data • Interpret data

  8. 1. Identify Problem • Independent variables • What is manipulated (treatment) • Dependent variables • What is measured (examined)

  9. 2. Form Hypothesis • Hypothesis • The expected result • A statement • Not a question • It must be testable • Null hypothesis • Always says nothing will happen

  10. 3. Gather Data • Internal validity • How true are your results • Control of external influence • External validity • Inference to outside world

  11. 4. Analyze Data • Statistics • Descriptive • Inferential

  12. 5. Interpret Results • Support or rejection of hypothesis • Compare to literature • Integration into theory

  13. Getting Started • Identify research problems • Search the literature • Write the literature review

  14. 1. Identify Research Problems • 1st step is in-depth knowledge of subject • All problems are NOT answered • Ask your professors? • Read review papers (meta-analysis) • Read future research ideas in papers • Scour references • Choose wisely!

  15. 2. Search The Literature • What has been done? • Read abstracts • Read conclusions and future research • Look for contradictions • Look for statements with no references • Look for simplicity • Do a pilot study

  16. Search the Lit cont… • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi • http://faculty.fullerton.edu/leebrown/

  17. 3. Write the Lit Review • Problem statement • Subjects • Instruments • Procedure • Findings

  18. Methods

  19. Instruments

  20. Where do I Look? • Textbook • Recent articles are best (search reference lists) • Internet • PubMed (Medline) • CSUF Library • Research and information services • Online databases • CINAHL • SPORTDiscus

  21. Outliers

  22. Outliers

  23. Working With Faculty • Expect to be treated with respect but not equally. • Expect to work hard and do menial jobs. • Choose a professor who shares like interests. • Personality conflicts do occur. • Ultimately you are in charge of your future.

  24. Qualitative Research • Some potential problems • Very close relationship with subjects • Share field notes? • Protect the subjects self esteem • What if you observe something illegal • Could be observing deviants

  25. Protecting Human Subjects • What could harm the participants? • Privacy? • Anonymity? • Confidentiality? • Researcher responsibility?

  26. Informed Consent • Protection of subjects is paramount. • No coercion. • Explain procedures. • Explain risks. • Explain benefits. • Answer questions. • Free to withdraw at any time without penalty.

  27. IRB • Institutional Review Board • The National Research Act of 1974 • Need for safety regulations concerning the use of human subjects in research • Requires institutional review • Policy went into effect August 19, 1991 • http://ogcserv.fullerton.edu/

  28. Human Subjects Violations • Tuskegee study? • What happened? • Who was involved and why? • What were consequences to subjects?

  29. Subjects • Descriptives (mean and SD) • Age • Gender • Height • Weight • Secondary • Bodyfat • Special pop • Training status

  30. Subjects cont… • Special pops include: • Non-white • Females • Athletes • Diseased • Disabled • Children

  31. Instruments • Valid and reliable? • Commercially available? • Can you operate the equipment?

  32. Design • Attempt to rule out all other explanations except the manipulation of your independent variable. • Attempt to establish a cause and effect relationship.

  33. Ultimate Outcome • When you have excluded the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth. • Sherlock Holmes (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle)

  34. Next Class • Download the “Read and Cisar Article” from my website. • Write a one page synopsis of the paper. • Find a web page regarding the Tuskegee study. • Write a one page synopsis of the Tuskegee study and what it means to human subjects research today. • Print and cite your web site. • Chapters 1 and 2 in book.

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