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Introduction to Research

Introduction to Research. Research and Truth. Separation of science and philosophy Aristotle, Plato, Socrates Separation of science and religion Einstein-dice. Four Parts of Research Paper. Introduction Foundation and groundwork Materials and methods How was it done Results

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Introduction to Research

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  1. Introduction to Research

  2. Research and Truth • Separation of science and philosophy • Aristotle, Plato, Socrates • Separation of science and religion • Einstein-dice

  3. Four Parts of Research Paper • Introduction • Foundation and groundwork • Materials and methods • How was it done • Results • What happened • Discussion • What does it mean

  4. What is Research? • Scientific method? • Rules of order • Based on truth • Generally unchangeable • Well understood and accepted

  5. Nature of Research (problem solving) • Systematic • Identify variables and collect data • Logical • evaluation • Empirical • Tested and seen • Reductive • inference • Replicable • Repeatable by others

  6. Unscientific Methods • Tenacity • Intuition • Authority • Rational (Socratic syllogism) • Empirical

  7. Scientific Method (5 steps) • Identify problem • Form hypotheses • Gather data • Analyze data • Interpret data

  8. 1. Identify Problem • Independent variables • What is manipulated (treatment) • Dependent variables • What is measured (examined)

  9. 2. Form Hypothesis • Hypothesis • The expected result • A statement • Not a question • It must be testable • Null hypothesis • Always says nothing will happen

  10. 3. Gather Data • Internal validity • How true are your results • Control of external influence • External validity • Inference to outside world

  11. 4. Analyze Data • Statistics • Descriptive • Inferential

  12. 5. Interpret Results • Support or rejection of hypothesis • Compare to literature • Integration into theory

  13. Getting Started • Identify research problems • Search the literature • Write the literature review

  14. 1. Identify Research Problems • 1st step is in-depth knowledge of subject • All problems are NOT answered • Ask your professors? • Read review papers (meta-analysis) • Read future research ideas in papers • Scour references • Choose wisely!

  15. 2. Search The Literature • What has been done? • Read abstracts • Read conclusions and future research • Look for contradictions • Look for statements with no references • Look for simplicity • Do a pilot study

  16. Search the Lit cont… • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi • http://faculty.fullerton.edu/leebrown/

  17. 3. Write the Lit Review • Problem statement • Subjects • Instruments • Procedure • Findings

  18. Methods

  19. Instruments

  20. Where do I Look? • Textbook • Recent articles are best (search reference lists) • Internet • PubMed (Medline) • CSUF Library • Research and information services • Online databases • CINAHL • SPORTDiscus

  21. Outliers

  22. Outliers

  23. Working With Faculty • Expect to be treated with respect but not equally. • Expect to work hard and do menial jobs. • Choose a professor who shares like interests. • Personality conflicts do occur. • Ultimately you are in charge of your future.

  24. Qualitative Research • Some potential problems • Very close relationship with subjects • Share field notes? • Protect the subjects self esteem • What if you observe something illegal • Could be observing deviants

  25. Protecting Human Subjects • What could harm the participants? • Privacy? • Anonymity? • Confidentiality? • Researcher responsibility?

  26. Informed Consent • Protection of subjects is paramount. • No coercion. • Explain procedures. • Explain risks. • Explain benefits. • Answer questions. • Free to withdraw at any time without penalty.

  27. IRB • Institutional Review Board • The National Research Act of 1974 • Need for safety regulations concerning the use of human subjects in research • Requires institutional review • Policy went into effect August 19, 1991 • http://ogcserv.fullerton.edu/

  28. Human Subjects Violations • Tuskegee study? • What happened? • Who was involved and why? • What were consequences to subjects?

  29. Subjects • Descriptives (mean and SD) • Age • Gender • Height • Weight • Secondary • Bodyfat • Special pop • Training status

  30. Subjects cont… • Special pops include: • Non-white • Females • Athletes • Diseased • Disabled • Children

  31. Instruments • Valid and reliable? • Commercially available? • Can you operate the equipment?

  32. Design • Attempt to rule out all other explanations except the manipulation of your independent variable. • Attempt to establish a cause and effect relationship.

  33. Ultimate Outcome • When you have excluded the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth. • Sherlock Holmes (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle)

  34. Next Class • Download the “Read and Cisar Article” from my website. • Write a one page synopsis of the paper. • Find a web page regarding the Tuskegee study. • Write a one page synopsis of the Tuskegee study and what it means to human subjects research today. • Print and cite your web site. • Chapters 1 and 2 in book.

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