Introduction to Zoology

1. Introduction to Zoology Unit 1- Mrs. Stahl

7. Zoology- What is it? • The study of animals of course!  • Extremely broad because there are so many concentrations and sooooo many animals. • There are 8.7 million organisms on Earth, only 1.7 million have been described. • Only 14% of the worlds species have been identified- that leaves 86% left • Only 9% of the oceans species have been identified. • Ex- 20,000 species of bony fish • Ex- 300,000 species of beetles

9. Two Major Categories • Vertebrates- with a backbone • Invertebrates- without a backbone • What am I?

10. Why do we want to study animals? So we can study their: - Functionality - Structure - Ecological Role and Importance - Evolution

11. Let’s Narrow it down a little…. • Ichthyology- Study of fish • Entomology- Insects • Herpetology- Amphibians & Reptiles • Mammalogy- Mammals • Ornithology- Birds • Protozoology- Protozoa

12. Let’s Review a little….. • All living things must be able to: • 1. Reproduce • 2. Made up of cells • 3. Respond to a stimulus • 4. Grow and develop • 5. Evolve and change • 6. Metabolize- need and use chemical energy • 7. Maintain Homeostasis • 8. Be made up of DNA • 9. Chemical Uniqueness

13. Chemical Uniqueness • Complex molecular organization • Macromolecules- Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acids • Ex- Proteins- 20 specific amino acids

14. Made up of Cells • Smallest and basic unit of life. • Each level builds on the level below it. • Ex- within a cell macromolecules are assembled into ribosome's, chromosomes, and membranes and they are then built upon to form organelles such as the mitochondria. Continues on to populations and species.

15. DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid • Stores genetic information • Made up of nucleotides (4 nitrogenous base pairs-AGCT), sugars, and phosphates. • Adenine (A) pairs up with Thymine (T) • Guanine (G) pairs up with Cytosine (C) • The sequence of the bases is what codes for the order of amino acids in the protein sequence (amino acids).

16. Reproduction • Life has to come from prior life / DNA has to be passed on. • Living forms reproduce to generate others like themselves: binary fission, asexual reproduction, or sexual reproduction. • Genes replicate to form new genes • Cells divide to produce new cells- binary fission • Populations split up and new species are produced= speciation.

17. Metabolism • Have to acquire nutrients from their environment in order to maintain proper energy levels. • Nutrients-> chemical energy for the body to use in the form of ATP. • Chemical processes include digestion, respiration, and synthesis of molecules. • Interaction between catabolic (destructive) and anabolic (constructive) • Cellular Respiration-> mitochondria • Cellular and nuclear membranes regulate metabolism by controlling the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.

18. Growth and Development • All organisms have a life cycle that they go through from origin (when the sperm fertilizes the egg = fertilization) to adulthood. • Changes in size, shape, and differentiation in structures. • Unicellular are more simple than Multicellular. • Metamorphosis- many organisms have similar early stages of development and are hard to tell apart and then they change.

19. Stimulus • How do they interact / respond with their environment? • Often referred to as ecology, focusing on geographic distribution and population abundance. • They respond by adapting their metabolism and physiology so that they can survive in the environment in which they live.

20. Evolution • Change over time. • Ex- Darwin’s finches- he found 14 different species of finches that derived from one. They had different beaks to adapt to the type of seed they fed upon.

21. Homeostasis • Maintaining constant internal conditions in an organism. Body temp. is 37 C or 98.6 F • Important because cells function best within a certain range of conditions. Temperature, blood sugar, acidity, must be controlled or it can be fatal. • Maintained-> negative feedback loop= change in a system causes a response that tends to return that system back to its original state.

22. Ex- The control of blood sugar (glucose) by insulin is another good example of a negative feedback mechanism. When blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense a change . In turn, the control center (pancreas) secretes insulin into the blood effectively lowering blood sugar levels. Once blood sugar levels reach homeostasis, the pancreas stops releasing insulin. http://anatomyandphysiologyi.com/homeostasis-positivenegative-feedback-mechanisms/

23. Life Obeys the Laws of Physics • The first law of thermodynamics-> conserving energy. Energy is neither created nor destroyed but can be transferred from one form to another. • a. Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can be transformed from one form to another. • b. All aspects of life require energy. • c. In animals, chemical energy in food is converted to chemical energy in cells and then converted to mechanical energy of muscle contraction. • All our energy comes from the sun-> reaches Earth as light or heat-> Plants capture this light in the form of Photosynthesis in green plants and cyanobacteria transforms energy into chemical bonds-> bonds form potential energy (stored)-> bond breaks and the energy is released and used to perform many cellular tasks-> transferred to animals.

24. Second Law of Thermodynamics • Physical systems tend to proceed toward a state of greater disorder or entropy. • Energy obtained and stored by plants is released by various mechanisms and then dissipated as heat. • It takes a constant input of usable energy from food to keep an animal organized. • The process of evolution does not violate the second law; complexity is achieved by constant use and loss of energy flowing into the biosphere from the sun. • Physiologists study survival, growth, reproduction, etc. from an energetic perspective.

25. Characteristics of Animals • Originated in the Precambrian Era over 600 mya. • Eukaryotes- organisms whose cells contain a nucleus. • Includes Plants, Fungi, and some unicellular organisms. • Animals -unique in nutrition; they eat other organisms and therefore need to capture food. • Animals lack photosynthesis; cell walls found in plants. • Fungi absorb food through little tubular filaments called hyphae which animals do not have.

26. Some are neither plants nor animals…. • Euglena- motile, single celled organism that resemble plants in that they can be photosynthetic but also resemble animals in that they eat food particles. • Kingdom Protista.

27. Animals also….. • Motile- move about from one location to the next. • Sessile- Cannot move from place to place but they still have moving parts. • What are 5 animals that are sessile and 5 that are motile? • Respiration • Digestion • Ingestion

28. Sessile

29. Motile

30. How are they classified???? • Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) • He came up with a means of naming organisms that was simple and universal. • Problem before this was that people were naming things multiple names that were really long, and there wasn’t any consistency. • Taxonomy- science of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. • Linnaeus came up with binomial nomenclature-> two word naming system • Genus, species • Always in italics • Genus is capitalized and species lowercased • Ex- Homo sapiens

31. Classification System • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain!!!!

32. Three Domains & Six Major Kingdoms Domains Kingdoms • Eubacteria-> contain bacteria • Archaea-> Microbes • Eukarya-> organisms with compartmentalized cells • Animalia- Animals • Plantae- Plants • Fungi- Fungus • Protista- animal like and plant like • Eubacteria • Archaebacteria

33. Classification into a kingdom is based on certain criteria • Number of cells • How it obtains energy • Type of cell

34. Kingdom Animalia & it’s Major Phyla • Porifera- sponges • Cnidaria- hydras, sea anemones, jelly fish, and corals • Annelida- marine worms, earthworms, and leeches • Mollusca- snails, octopi, squids, clams, mussels, conchs, etc. • Arthropoda- crabs, insects, lobsters, etc. • Echinodermata- sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars • Chordata- fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

35. Review Scientific Method

36. Scientific Method • Make an observation • Ask a question / Research • Form a hypothesis • Experimentation • Collect data / Results • Analyze and Conclude • Repeat

37. Data • Information gathered • Qualitative or Quantitative

38. Difference ………………… • Qualitative= Descriptive • Ex- The scar appears old • Quantitative= Numbers or measurements • Ex- Has one scar on its dorsal area

39. What is an inference? • Logical interpretation based on prior knowledge

40. Hypothesis • Prediction based on prior knowledge • Typically use the words If and Then! • If the boat is traveling fast in a “no wake” zone and there are manatees there, then the manatees will get hit by the boats propeller causing deep scars to form.

41. Inductive • Looking at individual observations and proposing a general explanation for them. • Example-> Scientist may observe an octopus and squid, both cephalopods, have arms with suckers and conclude that all cephalopods have arms with suckers. • Deductive • Observations suggest a general principle from which a specific statement can be derived. • Example-> all cephalopods have arms with suckers and since a cuttlefish is a cephalopod then it must also have arms with suckers.

42. Variables • Try to find the cause and effect relationship. • A. Independent Variable-> What you the experimenter changes or manipulates. • B. Dependent Variable> the variable that changes because of the IV (results / data) • C. Control-> variables that remain the same.

43. Theory

44. Scientific Law • Statement of fact meant to describe an action or set of actions • Many use mathematical equations to explain. • Accepted at face value because they have always been observed. • Examples- Newton's Laws of Motion, Archimedes Principle of Buoyancy, Law of gravity, etc…

45. What do you do when you are done with your experiment? • Repeat it!!!!!

46. Why is peer review important? • Validity, double check your work