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Dr. Eng. SIMION NICOLAEV, General Director of NIMRD “Grigo r e Antipa“, Con sta nt a, Romania

STATE OF THE BLACK SEA FISHERIES OPPORTUNITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE FRAME OF M ARITIME S PATIAL P LANNING. Dr. Eng. SIMION NICOLAEV, General Director of NIMRD “Grigo r e Antipa“, Con sta nt a, Romania

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Dr. Eng. SIMION NICOLAEV, General Director of NIMRD “Grigo r e Antipa“, Con sta nt a, Romania

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  1. STATE OF THE BLACK SEA FISHERIESOPPORTUNITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTIN THE FRAME OF MARITIME SPATIAL PLANNING Dr. Eng. SIMION NICOLAEV,General Director of NIMRD “Grigore Antipa“,Constanta, Romania ● Coordinator of the Working Group for the Black Sea / GFCM ● Chair of AGFOMLRM / Black Sea Commission

  2. THE BLACK SEA ECOSYSTEM PECULIARITIES a) The dimension, geographical, geological and ecological peculiarities render the Black Sea the character of large marine ecosystem (LME). b) The Black Sea ecosystem is highly productive and offers many goods and services for recreation, food, pharmaceuticals, mining and navigation. This impact of uses on the ecosystem, and especially the impact of fisheries, is the key-task for the sustainable development of the marine environment. On a larger time scale, the ecosystem is also affected by global climate changes, which can influence many aspects of fish distribution, dynamics and abundance of fisheries resources. c) The majority of fish species having economical value are shared in the EEZ of several states (sprat, whiting, dogfish, turbot etc.) or are migratory on a regional scale (anchovy, horse mackerel, bluefish, bonito etc.), having spawning, feeding and wintering areas located in different areas of the Black Sea. d) At the same time, the recent history of the Black Sea showed, probably more than elsewhere, a tight inter- dependence between biodiversity, fish stocks, eutrophication, pollution, climate changes, habitat changes and opportunistic Settlers. e) Another major peculiarity of the Black Sea is the presence, below 150 m depths, of hydrogen sulphide (H2S); 87% of the Black Sea water volume is anoxic.

  3. OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT SITUATION OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN THE BLACK SEA • The main historical features: collapse of pelagic fisheries (at the end of the 80s) due to the combined effect of successive over-exploitation of fish stocks, increasing pollution and eutrophication, population outbursts of alien planktonic species, strong decadal-scale climatic fluctuations. • Fish consumption at present reached a moderate level, with increase in the last 18 years more than 50% to 100% in the different BS coastal states. Reduced share of marine species in total fish products consumption (except forTurkey) is notable. Total fish consumption per capita (fresh water and marine species in kg/year)

  4. OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT SITUATION (cont.) Starting with 2002, the total catches registered a slight but continuous decline from 486,500 to until 361,000 in 2005 (see Chart). 2007 represented an exception from the general rule, a maximum catch of 555,500 to being registered, and 387.000 t in 2013. After 2007, a sharp decline (28%) of the total catches occurred again by 2009 (395,000 to). In 2010 a slight increase of total fish catches to 421,000 to was registered, followed by 340,000 to/2012. In fact, excluding 2007, this decline became continuous since 2002. The most important reduction of about 96% occurred for anchovy landings, from 378,000 to in 2007, to 192,000 to in 2009. The data for 2012 indicated the continuation of anchovy landings reduction, to the level below 200,000 to and a slight increase to 253,000 to in 2013. For compensation of these significant reductions in total landings, some fleets, as the Turkish and Ukrainian, increased the catches of other species, mainly the sprat, whose catch increased by 120%, from 40,900 to (2007) to about 91,000 to (2010). In 2011, only in TR and UA, the total landings of sprat counted 110,000 to. In 2012 and 2013, the total reported landings of sprat decreased drastically below the level of 30,000 to. This is an alarming scenario for the Black Sea ecosystem, situation whose impact must be carefully analysed. During the past 6 years, anchovy and sprat accounted for more than 80% of the total catch, horse mackerel 5-8%, whiting 3-5%, Atlantic bonito 3-7%.  The most important changes in the volume and structures of catches have been registered in the marine fisheries of Turkey, which continues to lead with 80% from the total Black Sea landings. Total catch in the Black Sea area

  5. symbol refers to actions related to MSP practices OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT SITUATION OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN THE BLACK SEA (cont.) MSP THE MOST SIGNIFICANT THREATS FOR BLACK SEA MARINE LIVING RESOURCES: ● Overfishing: • the drastic drop of total landings during the past 5 years by over 40% may be a result of significant changes in the structure and functionality of the marine ecosystem, but, to a similar extent, the result of an extremely high rate of fishing effort. The reduction in the number of fishing vessels registered in Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania is insignificant, the fishing effort at regional level being high. • The recent stock assessment of GFCM together with STECF, presented during the 41st Session of GFCM, concluded that the Black Sea fisheries are not sustainable and corrective measures are needed. Proposed measures (WGBS/GFCM): - Reduce fishing mortality for turbot, spiny dogfish and sprat - Maintain the actual fishing mortality for whiting and anchovy - Improve the assessment process (updated and detailed data) by the GFCM subregional group - Elaboration of a management plan (prevent overfishing to restore the size of stocks, reduce the risk for associated species, reduce IUU, protection of biodiversity) - Reduction of IUU fishing - most urgent operational objective The status of stocks is the following: Turbot = “overexploited” & “overexploitation” Anchovy = “overexploitation” Horse mackerel = “overexploited” Picked dogfish = “depleted” Sprat = “sustainably exploited” MSP

  6. OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT SITUATION OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN THE BLACK SEA (cont.) THE MOST SIGNIFICANT THREATS FOR BLACK SEA MARINE LIVING RESOURCES (cont.): ● Climate changes: Abnormalities in water mass stratification, circulation and temperature, have determined in certain areas the change of the fish behavior (mainly anchovy, sprat, dogfish) and the complete extinction of certain species (E.g. sprat, dogfish and whiting in traditional fishing areas in Georgia). The massive jellyfish agglomerations in certain areas prevent performing trawling hauls during sprat fishing, especially in shallow waters. • Proposed measures: • - Implementation of Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management, including criteria for the evaluation of habitats important for MLR • - Improvement of knowledge on environmental conditions, changes in fish behavior etc. MSP

  7. OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT SITUATION OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN THE BLACK SEA (cont.) THE MOST SIGNIFICANT THREATS FOR BLACK SEA MARINE LIVING RESOURCES (cont.): ● Data collection: The national data collection systems in the Black Sea countries are incomplete, discontinuous and only partially available. Proposed measures: • Establishing a comprehensive and standardized fisheries data collection program for the Black Sea • Performing joint bottom trawl and acoustic surveys and other research activities (standardization of biological parameters) • Implementation of the DCRF framework as background for scientific advice, with a dedicated online IT Platform for the Black Sea • Rapanavenosasurvey ● Inadequate fisheries management: • Fisheries management is applied individually by each coastal country, even in the case of shared and migratory stocks (including measures on mesh size, minimum admissible length, prohibition period etc.); • Lack of regionally coordinated assessment of shared and migratory stocks; • Lack of establishment of a transboundary free fishing zone. Proposed measures: • Cooperation between Black Sea countries under a regional fisheries management system; • Creation of GFCM Cooperating Non-ContractingParties: UA and GE MSP MSP

  8. OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT SITUATION OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN THE BLACK SEA (cont.) THE MOST SIGNIFICANT THREATS FOR BLACK SEA MARINE LIVING RESOURCES (cont.): ● Scientific knowledge: • Finalization in 2014 of the EU/CBC Project Strengthening the Regional Capacity to Support the Sustainable Development of Black Sea Fisheries (RO/NIMRD); • Completion in 2014 of the EU Black Sea Cetaceans Project (data available and published in 2015); • Fisheries related projects: SESAME, ODEMM, CREAM, KNOW SEAS, PERSEUS, COCONET, ComFish, MareFrame, BlackSea4Fish (ongoing) • Since 2007, the EC ensured financial support for the Black Sea Subgroup of the Scientific Technical Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF), which provided recommendations for the annual TAC regulation of Romanian and Bulgarian fisheries in Community waters. Proposed measures: • Strengthening of scientific cooperation on delineation of fish stock boundaries, population behavior, identification of hot spots, climate anomalies etc.; • Development of special integrated scientific programs for fisheries studies in the BS; • Strengthening the cooperation between WGBS/GFCM and the related group of STECF/EU. MSP

  9. OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT SITUATION OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN THE BLACK SEA (cont.) AQUACULTURE IN THE BLACK SEA Despite the opportunities offered by marine aquaculture, this sector remains underdeveloped in the BS: the aquaculture production in 2015 was 202 t in Bulgaria (different fish species and mussels); in Ukraine, it increased from 171 t in 2010 to 553 t in 2012 and 927 t in 2013, and decreased from 8,485 t (2010) to 7,928 t in 2015, out of the total 235,133 t for the whole Turkey (trout, sea bream and sea bass). Proposed measures: • Development of a special Plan of Actions regarding aquaculture (technical issues of aquaculture technologies, restocking activities, AZA etc.) • Elaboration of guidelines on responsible activities for fish restocking and stock enhancementpurposes • Inventory of marine and brackish aquaculture farms and production centers in the Black Sea on the basis of the WGBS recommendation on improving the regional data collection system on aquaculture production statistics and productioncenters • Elaborate a program for a pilot study for aquaculture projects including the implementation of demonstrative centers to promote sustainable aquaculture in thearea (including AZA) • Identify training requirements in relation to aquaculture and prepare specific actions in relation tothem • Disseminate results and technical documents on AZA and on indicators for sustainableaquaculture • Organize a roundtable on capture fisheries/aquaculture management involving relevant experts from the Black Sea MSP

  10. REGIONALLY COORDINATED ACTIVITIES BLACK SEA COMMISSION (BSC) • Advisory Group for Environmental Aspects of Fisheries and Other Marine Living Resources Management (Annual Meeting). The main issues discussed recently were: • Presentation of National Reports and establishment of indicators; • Black Sea Biodiversity and Landscape Conservation Protocol (adoption of the final contents of Annex II and IV); • Fisheries component in the revision of BSIMAP and national monitoring; • Cooperation in fisheries assessment with various organizations, participation in new fisheries initiatives and calls for proposals; • Conservation plan for cetaceans in the Black Sea (revision of the existing Conservation Plan for Black Sea Cetaceans, to align it with BS documents format and circulate it for approval by the AG FOMLRM); • Reporting to BSC; • Implementation of the BSC-GFCM MoU; • Priorities for future work. 2. Black Sea Strategic Action Plan (1996, 2009) • EcoQ 01. Preserve commercial marine living resources • EcoQ 02. Restore/rehabilitate stocks of commercial marine living resources

  11. REGIONALLY COORDINATED ACTIVITIES GENERAL FISHERIES COMMISSION FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN (GFCM) • The 35th Session of GFCM approved the establishment of the Ad-Hoc Working Group for the Black Sea (WGBS); b) The 1st Meeting of the Ad-Hoc Working Group for the Black Sea (WGBS) took place in January 2012 in Constanta (Romania); c) The 36th Session of the GFCM approved the TORs of WGBS; d) Meetings of the Ad-Hoc Working Group for the Black Sea (WGBS): • 2nd - April 2013, Varna, Bulgaria; • 3rd - February 2014, Trabzon, Turkey; • 4th - February 2015, Tbilisi, Georgia; • 5th - April 2016, Kiev, Ukraine; • 6th - June 2017, Constanta, Romania; • 7th - July 2018, Burgas, Bulgaria. e) Meetings of the Sub-regional Group for Stock Assessment in the Black Sea (SGSABS): • 1st - January 2014, Bucharest, Romania; • 2nd - November 2014, Constanta, Romania; • 3rd - November 2015, Burgas, Bulgaria; • 4th - November 2016, Burgas, Bulgaria; • 5th - November 2017, Batumi, Georgia. f) First Steering Committee of the BlackSea4Fish Project, May 2018, Bulgaria

  12. MAIN ACTIVITIES OF WGBS DURING 2012-2018 The activities were achieved according to the priorities identified by the Commission during its 36th-42nd Sessions and to the Annual Working Program of WGBS: • Workshop on IUU Fisheries in the Black Sea (2013) (Road Map); • Ad-Hoc WGBS Meeting on the management of turbot fisheries, including progress towards the fight against IUU fishing (13-14 November 2014, Constanta, Romania); • DCRF Workshop (15-16 December 2014, Spain); • Participation in the Regional Aquaculture Conference (9-11 December 2014, Bari, Italy); • Participation in the 9th Session of the GFCM Committee on Aquaculture (CAQ) (24-26 February, Marrakesh, Morocco); • Activities on Restocking and aquaculture data collection system; • Other activities: FABA 2014 Symposium, cooperation with AGFOMLRM/BSC, EuroFish Project etc.

  13. MAIN ACTIVITIES OF WGBS DURING 2016-2018 • High-Level Conference Towards Enhanced Cooperation on Black Sea Fisheries and Aquaculture (Bucharest, Romania, October 2016) • Meeting on GFCM fisheries data requirements (November 2016) • Brainstorming meeting of the BlackSea4Fish Project (Novembre 2016, Bulgaria) • Subregional Group on Stock Assessment in the Black Sea (November 2016, Bulgaria; November 2017, Bulgaria; November 2018, Georgia) • Workshop on the Assessment of Management Measures of Black Sea Turbot Fisheries (June 2017, Romania) • Workshop on the assessment of management scenarios for turbot fisheries (WKMSE), Bulgaria, July 2018 • High Level Conference on Fisheries and Aquaculture, July 2018, Bulgaria

  14. Main outcomes of the Working Group on the Black Sea (WGBS)2017 - 2018 • Advice on the status of 7 priority stocks (as provided by SGSABS) was validated • Significant progress was made in the formulation of comprehensive scientific advice, thanks to: • The adoption of elements towards management plans for turbot and anchovy • The provision of guidelines for the preparation of a recovery plan for pikeddogfish • New scientific and technical project, BlackSea4Fish, was introduced to support sustainable Black Sea fisheries and to promote further cooperation • Stems from the established GFCM Framework Programme (FWP) for 2013-2018 • Expected to strengthen coordination in the region, including through the provision of technical assistance to select riparian countries • The WGBS Bureau was renewed on an exceptional basis

  15. Advice on stocks/fisheriesrequiring urgent action elaboratedduringthe 41stSession of GFCM (I) Turbotfisheryin the Black Sea Turbot (Psetta maxima) in GSA 29 isconsideredoverexploitedand in overexploitation, for thethirdyear in a row. • Fishingmortality more than fivetimeshigher than thetargetandbiomassbelow 30% of thetarget Advice: • Strengthen control andinspections in relationtotheimplementation of Recommendation GFCM/2015/39/3 • Implement a management plan/recovery plan, includingthrough • Limittheoverallcapacity of theauthorizedfleet • Establish a two-monthsclosurespawningtime (Aprilie to June) • Othertechnicalmeasures New EU Proposal on the Black Seaturbotfisheries MSP

  16. Advice on stocks/fisheriesrequiring urgent action elaboratedduringthe 41stSession of GFCM (II) Piked dogfish in the Black Sea Piked dogfish (Squalus acanthias) in GSA 29 is considered depleted, for the third year in a row. • Current fishing mortality considered to be three times higher than the limit. Advice: • Implement a recovery plan • CPCs need to effectively implement the provisions of Recommendation GFCM/2015/39/3 in order to improve the monitoring of the status of the stock and the knowledge on mortality and ecology of the species MSP

  17. Advice on stocks/fisheriesrequiring urgent action elaboratedduringthe 41stSession of GFCM (III) Anchovy fishery in the Black Sea Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus ponticus) in GSA 29 is considered in overexploitation. • Current fishing mortality slightly higher than the limit. Advice: • Implement a management plan, prioriziting measures such as the establishment of an authorized vessel list and temporal restrictions. MSP

  18. Advice elaborated during the 42nd Session of GFCM Overall status of Black Sea stocks 9 stocks discussed, advice provided for 8: • 1 sustainably exploited (Azov Sea anchovy) • 1 uncertain (sprat) • 1 uncertain with signs of overexploitation (red mullet) • 1 overexploited and in overexploitation (turbot) • 3 in overexploitation (Black Sea anchovy, whiting, horse mackerel) • 1 stock depleted (piked dogfish) MSP

  19. Advice elaborated during the 42nd Session of GFCM (cont.) Status of resources and proposed measures TURBOT Background Turbot (Psetta maxima) is considered overexploited and in overexploitation, showing an improving trend in both biomass and overfishing ratios. Continuing with the fishing regimes of 2016 would result in a continuous decline of turbot biomass towards a collapse, while a TAC (644 tonnes, Rec. GFCM:41/2017/4), eradicating IUU or reducing F or imposing a 5 year catch ban would ensure the stock recovered to acceptable biomass levels (GFCM: 42/2018/2, Appendix 5C). Advice Ensure that total catches (including any IUU) do not exceed the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) included in the GFCM:41/2017/4, in order to facilitate the recovery of the stock

  20. Advice elaborated during the 42nd Session of GFCM (cont.) Status of resources and proposed measures RAPA WHELK Background The stock of rapa whelk (Rapana venosa) in GSA 29 was assessed for the first time in 2017 using several methods that consistently showed that the fishery was close to the minimum sustainable yield and care should be taken in expanding this fishery further. The impacts of Rapa whelk on the environment and on other species, as well as the impacts of the fishery, are unknown or poorly understood. MSP Advice Implement a set of initial transitional measures for rapa whelk fisheries while setting-up a research project (2019-2020) to collect data to inform a potential management plan for the fishery (Rec. GFCM:42/2018/2, Appendix 7) = BlackSea4Fish Project.

  21. GFCM Recommendations on fisheries management, which have been adopted by GFCM • GFCM/37/2013/2 Establishment of a set of minimum standards for bottom-set gillnet fisheries for turbot and conservation if cetaceans in the Black Sea: • - mesh size 400 mm, landed turbot length 45 cm. • 2. GFCM/39/2015/3 Establishment of a set of measures to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in turbot fisheries in the Black Sea • 3. GFCM/39/2015/4 Management measures for spiny dogfish in the Black Sea • 4. GFCM/40/2016/6 New scientific and technical project: BlackSea4Fish • 5. GFCM/40/2016/3 On sustainablesmall-scale fisheries in GFCM areas of application • 6. GFCM/40/2016/2 For a Mid-TermStrategy (2017-2020) towardsthesustainability of Mediterraneanand Black SeaFisheries • 7. Organization of the High-level Conference towards Enhanced Cooperation on Black Sea Fisheries and Aquaculture-October 2016, Bucharest, Romania • 8. Organization of the High-level Conference on Black Sea Fisheries and Aquaculture, July 2018, Sofia, Bulgaria

  22. OPPORTUNITIES FOR BLACK SEA FISHERIES MANAGEMENT Cooperation between BSC - GFCM based on the Memorandum of Understanding The Partners have agreed on the following areas of cooperation for this MoU: 1) Promoting ecosystem based approaches for the conservation of marine environment and ecosystems and the sustainable use of marine living resources; 2) Assessment of human-marine biodiversity interactions, including in relation to fisheries and aquaculture activities, and mitigation of their impact on marine habitats and species; 3) Identification, protection and management of marine areas of particular importance in the Black Sea (hot spots of biodiversity, areas with sensitive habitats, essential fish habitats, areas of importance for fisheries and/or the conservation of endangered species, coastal wetlands); 4) Integrated maritime policy; 5) Legal, institutional and policy related cooperation.

  23. INTEGRATING FISHERIES MANAGEMENT INTO MSP Particular case: Romanian Natura 2000 MPA Network and Fisheries ►At European level, the Natura 2000 European ecological network aims to ensure the long-term survival of Europe’s most valuable and threatened species and habitats, listed under both the Birds Directive and the Habitats Directive. ►As a Member State, Romania has implemented these two Directives (79/409/EEC and 92/43/EEC) through national legislation (Emergency Ordinance no. 57/2007, Minister’s of Environment and Forests Order no. 2387/2011,amending Minister’s of Environment and Sustainable Development Order no. 1964/2007 and, recently, Minister’s of Environment, Waters and Forests Order no. 46/2016). 1 Special - Protection Area for Birds 9 sites of Community Importance

  24. INTEGRATING FISHERIES MANAGEMENT INTO MSP (cont.) Green = SCI boundaries in 2016, Red = SCI boundaries 2011-2015

  25. INTEGRATING FISHERIES MANAGEMENT INTO MSP (cont.) Commercial Fisheries in MPAs PELAGIC TRAWL Under Romanian law, coastaltrawlers, equipped with pelagic trawls, activate at depths greater than 20 m. Other types of bottom trawling (except for beam trawls) are banned by legislation. By introducing the new limits for the protected areas, about 1500 - 2000 Km² are affected, especially in the northern area of the Romanian seashore, part of the protected area ROSCI0066 - Danube Delta - marine zone.

  26. INTEGRATING FISHERIES MANAGEMENT INTO MSP (cont.) Commercial Fisheries in MPAs The rapa whelk (Rapana venosa Valenciennes, 1846) fishing, which accounts for more than 90% of the catches reported in the past years in the Romanian Black Sea area, is carried out in two ways: Manual harvesting, especially in the southern area of the Romanian Black Sea coast, between Constanta - Mangalia, depths 5 - 20 m, on an area of about 200 km²; in the protected areas: ROSCI0197 (Eforie), ROSCI0293 (Costinesti), ROSCI0273 (Cape Tuzla) and ROSCI0281 (Cape Aurora). Beam trawl, legalized from July 2013, in the northern area of the Romanian coast, between Mamaia Bay - Sf. Gheorghe, at depths of 17 - 30 m, on an area of about 1,500 - 2,000 km². BEAM TRAWL Beam trawling takes place exclusively in the area covered by ROSCI0066 - Danube Delta - marine zone, which represents a traditional fishing ground for Romanian fishermen

  27. INTEGRATING FISHERIES MANAGEMENT INTO MSP (cont.) Commercial Fisheries in MPAs BEAM TRAWL & HYDRAULIC DREDGE The legalization of beam trawl fishing in July 2013 led to the development of specialized fishing of the species Rapana, with a substantial increase in landings from one year to another, which resulted in a decrease in pressure on stocks of turbot and sprat, species regulated and monitored closely by the EC. Recent legislation (Minister’s of Agriculture and Rural Development Order no. 1369/2018) legalized the use of another gear, namely the hydraulic dredge, mainly used for the harvesting of the Venus clam (Chamelea gallina Linnaeus, 1758). There are strict provisions regarding the use of these gears, as follows: both for the beam trawl and hydraulic dredge, the selectivity of the gear shall be provided so as not to retain immature individuals.

  28. INTEGRATING FISHERIES MANAGEMENT INTO MSP (cont.) Commercial Fisheries in MPAs CONCLUSIONS • The overlapping of MPAs on existing activities has generated limitations and constraints of economic activities, which resulted in conflicts of interests between fishermen communities and environmental protection authorities. • In order to minimize these conflicts in an MSP approach, the assessment of the interaction between fisheries and the preservation objectives of the Natura 2000 sites is compulsory and highly important. A feasible solution in this sense would be modifying the shape of the designated protected area, while maintaining the same surface. • The amiable settlement of economic and conservation interests should be made using compromise solutions: one of these solutions could be the differentiated zoning of Natura 2000 sites. • Some of these areas would allow certain activities, while others would limit/ban them temporarily or permanently. Identifying the selection criteria should be based on preliminary scientific and risk assessments of zoning, considering the existing Management Plans of the MPAs. • Concrete example: in the Vama Veche - 2 Mai Marine Reserve, traditional fishing activities (usining gillnets, pound nets) are allowed in the buffer/sustainable management zone, provided fishermen apply for and obtain a permits from the MPAs custodian.

  29. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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