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Chapter 23

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  1. Chapter 23 Topical Medications

  2. Chapter 23 Lesson 23.1

  3. Learning Objectives • Identify major categories of medications used topically • Describe specific administration techniques for topical products • List at least three preparations used to treat eye, ear, and skin problems

  4. The Integumentary System

  5. Topical Medications Anorectal Medications • Emollients, foams, and gels for topical anesthesia or healing of the rectal area • Provide symptomatic relief of hemorrhoidal discomfort • Long- or short-term use Adverse Reactions • Sensitization

  6. Mouth and Throat Preparations Forms • Oral preparations, lozenges, troches, gargles, gels, mouthwashes, sprays Action • Soothe minor inflammation in the mouth, release oxygen to provide cleansing, anesthetic properties

  7. Ophthalmic Drugs Categories • Local anesthetics • Used in procedures such as tonometry, gonioscopy, cataract surgery, and removal of foreign objects from the cornea. • Antiseptic ointments • Prevent gonorrheal ophthalmia neonatorum in newborn infants, used to treat common eye infections, germicidal and astringent action • Ophthalmic antiinfectives • Treat eye infections caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses

  8. Ophthalmic Drugs (cont.) • Artificial tears • Other preparations • Antiglaucoma agents Uses • To control acute narrow-angle glaucoma before surgery • Wide-angle glaucoma • Secondary glaucoma • Congenital glaucoma before surgery

  9. Glaucoma Three Major Forms • Primary glaucoma • Narrow-angle: person has a shallow anterior eye chamber, may be genetic; requires surgery • Wide-angle glaucoma: gradual onset, controlled with medications • Secondary glaucoma • Result of other eye problems, treated with medications • Congenital glaucoma • Birth defect requiring surgical correction

  10. Antiglaucoma Medications • Sympathomimetics • Produce vasoconstriction and decrease intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma • Beta-blockers • Reduce intraocular pressure by reducing the formation of aqueous humor • Miotics, direct-acting • Cholinergic agonists

  11. Antiglaucoma Medications (cont.) • Miotics, cholinesterase inhibitors • Inactivates acetylcholinesterase • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors • Blocks action of an enzyme in the ciliary body, causing a decrease in aqueous humor secretion

  12. Antiglaucoma Medications (cont.) • Mydriatic-Cycloplegics • Block the action of acetylcholine • Mydriatics

  13. Otic Preparations • Control superficial infections of the ear • Action is bacteriostatic or bactericidal • Prophylaxis for infections in swimmers • Removing cerumen

  14. Topical Skin Preparations • Psoriasis (skin condition consisting of red and silvery-scaled maculopapules) • Antipsoriatics accelerate scaling and healing of dry lesions in chronic psoriasis • Scabies (eruptions due to mite infestation) • Scabicides are applied to the skin and used to treat scabies • Pediculosis (infestation with lice) • Pediculicides are used to treat pediculosis

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