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Islam

Islam. Nairobi, Kenya. Islam & 10-40 Window.

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Islam

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  1. Islam Nairobi, Kenya

  2. Islam & 10-40 Window The 10/40 Window is an area of the world that contains the largest population of non-Christians in the world. The area extends from 10 degrees to 40 degrees North of the equator, and stretches from North Africa across to China. Most of the people groups are Muslim and Folk Muslim

  3. Islam World Status • Islam: 1.3 Billion • 22% of world population • Second largest world religion • Christianity 32% (2 Billion) • Hinduism 15% • Secular/Non-religious 14%

  4. Historical Development • Muhammad • Born 570 near Mecca • Orphaned at age six and raised by his grandfather and then his uncle – Abu Talib • Grew up in idolatrous life and religious diversity • Jews, Christians & Zoroastrianism • Hanif – “pious one” worship one God • Bible not in Arabic yet • Most probably illiterate

  5. Historical Development • Muhammad • Tradition of a journey to Syria with his uncle’s caravan (582) • Prophecy of a Syrian monk, Bahira • Mark of prophet between shoulder blades, don’t let the Jews know • Married a wealthy widow (Khadija) and prospered in trade

  6. Historical Development • Mohammad – First vision to the Hijra (610-22) • First revelation 610 • While meditating in a cave on the Mount of Light overlooking the plain of Arafat outside Mecca • Gabriel spoke to him and said “Recite”. • Became a uncompromising prophet

  7. Historical Development • Mohammad – First vision to the Hijra (610-22) • Began his prophetic work in Mecca • Arabia – Main thoroughfare for commerce, lots of contact with other peoples and religions • Mecca – Major oasis for trade, 360 idols in temple • On entrance could see Allah’s three sensuous daughters (al-Lat, al-Manat, and al-Uzza) • Ka’ba (cube) cubed shaped shrine dedicated to the main God of the shrine, Hubal. Built into the side was a meteorite, sacred from heaven. • Sacred well of Zamzam

  8. Historical Development • Mohammad – First vision to the Hijra (610-22) • Three primary points of his message • Oneness of God - there is only one God to whom people must submit (tawid – oneness) • Warner - the day of judgment is coming to judge whether people obeyed God or not • Care for orphans and elderly • Hijra (Emigration) to Ethiopia (615) • Protection of Christian nation because of persecution

  9. Historical Development • Mohammad – First vision to the Hijra (610-22) • Compromise (Satanic verses) • At this time he was under a lot of pressure to compromise with the Meccan polytheistic ways • Gave recognition to other deities in Sura 53 • Salman Rudhdie’s book, The Satanic Verses, based on the deleted phrase, “Have you thought of al-Lat and al-‘Uza and Manat the third, the other?… These are the exalted Gharaniq [birds?] whose intercession is approved.” • Now reads “Have ye seen Lat and Uzza and another; the third, Manat? What! For you the male sex, and for Him, the female? Behold, such would be indeed a division most unfair! These are nothing but names which ye have devised—ye and your fathers—For which Allah has sent down no authority.” • Not a Christian source as only comes from Muslim sources • Muslim writer Al-Tabari (923) argued Satan put it on Muhammad’s tongue • Some deny its existence or interjected by bystanders

  10. Historical Development • Mohammad – First vision to the Hijra (610-22) • Death of Khadija and his Uncle (619) • Protection by his uncle as clan leader now gone • New leader Abd al-Uzza ibn Abd al-Muttalib or nickname Abu Lahab (Father of Flames) • Negative view of Abu Lahab and his wife in Sura 111

  11. Historical Development • Mohammad – First vision to the Hijra (610-22) • Fled to Yathrib (Madina), is call the “hijra” (flight) • After ten years had a sizable following • Referred to their belief as “Islam” meaning “submission to God,” Muslims are “those who submit to God” • Conflict with Mecca, 622 the city fathers of Mecca expelled them, they were bad for business at the shrines • First contact with Yathrib (Madina) • First oath of al-‘Aqaba (oath of women) • Not bound to fight for Muhammad • Second oath of al-‘Aqaba (622) • Umma was born – an independent Muslim community • Islamic calendar is begun from this date “anno hegirae” (July 16, 622)

  12. Historical Development • Yathrib Hijra to the Submission of Mecca: 622-630 • Madina (622) • Attempted assassination of Muhammad by one man from each clan of the Quraysh tribe • Escaped with Abu Bakr to Madina • Set up home and first Mosque • New name Madina al-Nabi (City of the prophet) or Madina • Constitution • Emigrants – Muhammad’s followers from Mecca • Helpers – Muhammad’s followers from Madina • Law codes for Arabs and Jews • Freedom of religion if acknowledge his authority

  13. Historical Development • Yathrib Hijra to the Submission of Mecca: 622-630 • Nakhla raid success and beginning of (624) • Raided Meccan caravans that came near Madina (razzia – caravan raiding a common practice between Arab groups) • Nakhla raid took place during a sacred month so broke Arab tradition • Muhammad announce a new revelation to justify it (Sura 2:217) • Cemented division between Meccans and Muhammad • Raiding became a religious duty (Jihad), transcending Arab customs (Jihad – to strive or struggle) • More people were attracted to Muhammad

  14. Madina – first community of Islam Mecca – captured by Muhammad and his forces in A.D. 630

  15. Historical Development • Yathrib Hijra to the Submission of Mecca: 622-630 • Battle of Uhud: paradise to those killed in Jihad (625) • Muhammad defeated because followers failed to follow his direction • Idea became entrenched to if Muslims stay true to Islam they will succeed • Failure is the loss of Allah’s favor • Promise of Paradise (Sura 3:169; context of battle 3:159) • Also, promise of forgiveness of sins

  16. Historical Development • Yathrib Hijra to the Submission of Mecca: 622-630 • Siege of Madina (627) • Battle of the Ditch • Not much of a battle as the cavalry could not go to the city because of ditch • Water theissue and only available in the city so Meccans returned • Massacre of Qurayza Jews • Jews charged with leaking Muhammad’s plans • 600-700 men beheaded; property taken and women and children taken into slavery

  17. Historical Development • Yathrib Hijra to the Submission of Mecca: 622-630 • Pilgrimage failure (628) • Not welcomed so returned • Captured Mecca and cleansed it of idol (630) • Ka’ba was emptied of idols • Submission of Mecca to Muhammad’s death: 630-632 (2 years) • Battle of Hunayn; defeat of Hawazin (630) • Muhammad’s “Greater Pilgrimage” (March 632) • Death of Muhammad (June 8, 632 )

  18. Ka’ba

  19. Ka’ba

  20. Historical Development • Division of Islam • Death of Muhammad caused a search for the new caliph (Caliph – viceroy or successor to enforce Koran) • No sons from wives, prophet allowed more (Sura 33:50) • Two primary ones • His son-in-law of his favorite daughter (Fatima), Ali ibn Abu Talib (Muhammad’s uncle, married his daughter) • His father-in-law and close friend, Abu Bakr • Father of Aisha, Muhammad’s favorite wife • The majority preferred Abu Bakr • General consensus (Sunna) chose Abu Bakr – thus the Sunni branch -- Sunnites • The minority (Shi’a) went with Ali – Shi’ites

  21. Historical Development • Division of Islam - Four rightly guided Caliphs • Abu Bakr (632-634) • Follower of many years even to Madina • Father-in-law to Muhammad, favorite wife Aisha • Convinced people their allegiance was to Islam, not Muhammad • Initiated the process of collecting Muhammad’s teachings which would eventually make-up the Qur’an

  22. Historical DevelopmentFour Rightly Guided Caliphs Abu Bakr (632-634) – Muhammad’s Viceregent

  23. Historical DevelopmentFour Rightly Guided Caliphs • Division of Islam - Four rightly guided Caliphs • Umar (634-644) • His daughter, one of Muhammad’s wives; with him on the Hijra to Madina • Accomplishments • Times of prayer; Details of the pilgrimage; Rules related to Ramadan fast formalized; Laid foundation for Shari’a law • Only five or six hundred out of 6,000 have any bearing on Shari’a & most of those are related to Ka’ba ritual and pilgrimage; very little legislative material

  24. Historical DevelopmentFour Rightly Guided Caliphs • Division of Islam - Four rightly guided Caliphs • Umar (634-644) • Accomplishments • Holistic religion created • New calendar begins with Hijra to Madina as year 1 (= 622) • Spread of Islam: North – Syria; East – Mesopotamia (Persian and Christian Byzantine gave way); West – North Africa beyond Alexandria • Umar murdered by poison; probably by supporters of Ali ibn Abu Talib (Christian slave or Persian captive)

  25. Historical DevelopmentFour Rightly Guided Caliphs Umar (634-644) – Commander of the Faithful

  26. Historical DevelopmentFour Rightly Guided Caliphs • Division of Islam - Four rightly guided Caliphs • Uthman (644-656) • Umayyad clan from Mecca; not a Hashmite like Muhammad and the first two Caliphs • Accomplishments • Islam continued to expand by war • Plunder no longer kept by soldiers but revenues to go to Islamic state • Uthman collected the sayings of Muhammad and issued the authoritative edition of the Qur’an. • Cause more division as he appointed more Meccans to positions of power • Appointed his nephew, Mu’awiya as governor of Syria • Uthman stabbed to death

  27. Historical DevelopmentFour Rightly Guided Caliphs Uthman (644-656) – The Generous

  28. Historical DevelopmentFour Rightly Guided Caliphs • Division of Islam - Four rightly guided Caliphs • Ali ibn Abu Talib (656-661) • Son of Abu Talib, Muhammad’s uncle and married to Fatima, Muhammad’s daughter • He had been view by many as the true successor from the beginning • Defeated Aisha’s (Muhammad’s wife) army – Battle of the Camel • Mu’awiya brought an army • Arbitration between the two but because Ali failed to take revenge for the murder of Uthman both became Caliphs • Two Caliphs: Ali and Mu’awiya • After Ali’s death Mu’awiya leader and brings the beginning of the Umayyad Caliphate.

  29. Historical DevelopmentFour Rightly Guided Caliphs Ali ibn Abu Talib (656-661) – Commander of the Faithful

  30. Historical Development • Succession Leading to Division of Islam • Sunni • Abu Bakr (622-634) died of illness • Muhammad’s father-in-Law • Umar (634-644) poisoned • Uthman (644-656) stabbed to death • Shi’a branch begins • Ali succeeded Uthman (656-661) • Ali and Mu’awiyah armies arrayed against each other but when Ali sought to mediate the conflict his followers killed him • Hashemite clan • Mu’awiyah upholds Sunni branch (661-680) • Mu’awiyah – governor of Syria • Umayyad clan caliphate last almost 100 years Ali Ibn Abu Talib

  31. Four Rightly Guided Caliphs • 1st – Abu Bakr (Muhammad’s father-in-law; father of his favorite wife, Aisha, and follower of many years) • 2nd – Umar (his daughter had been one of Muhammad’s wives and he had been with him on the Hijra to Madina) • 3rd – Uthman (from Mecca and Umayyad clan not the Hashimite) • 4th – Ali ibn Abu Talib (son of Abu Talib, Muhammad’s uncle and married to Fatima, Muhammad’s daughter) – Hashimite Clan

  32. Muhammad Sunni Shi’a Islam’s Main Divisions The Quraysh Tribe Umayyad Clan Hashimite Clan Three Rightly Guided Caliph Uthman Line of son-in-law of Muhammad Abu Talib Ali (656-661) Minister Leader Prophetic Authoritative Thought comprimised with Umayyad by allowing government positions The Kharijis Sufis

  33. Historical Development • Shi’a succession • Ali succeeded by Hasan, grandson of Muhammad • Husayn took up the mantle after Hasan abdicated and was shortly poisoned. • Husayn battled the Sunni at Karbala in 680 but was defeated and his head thrown over the city wall • The Shi’ites celebrate this day each year (10th day of Muharram) with reenactment and whipping themselves and may be a day of revenge (NOTE: this was the day when the radicals took the U.S. embassy personnel hostage in Teheran on Nov. 4, 1979). Ali Ibn Abu Talib

  34. Historical Development • Shi’a succession • Follow the line of Husayn • Each successor receives the “‘ilm” – designation of succession, “nass”- supernatural spiritual knowledge to carry on the prophetic leadership. • Successors are called “imams” • Can just refer to prayer leader in a Sunni mosque • Also refers to the spiritual and political leader of the Shi’ites • Imam’s interpretation of the Qur’an is considered infallible and may imply sinlessness. • First three caliphs are cursed on Friday in the services at the mosque • Further divisions according to how many Imams each division recognized.

  35. Historical Development • Shi’a succession - Twelvers (Imamites) • Recognize twelve Imams of succession. The last is Muhammad al-Muntazar who disappeared at five years old and is said to live in concealment but will someday return to be known as the “Mahdi” and establish universal Islamic rule. • Until the Mahdi – Imams rule as caretakers • Hierarchy • Imam – has divine guidance and infallible • Ayatollahs (limited number) – authority over shi’a community and gives legal decisions on their own knowledge of the law • Mullahs (many) – teachers of law • Imam’s decisions on any issue, religious, social, or political is binding. • Majority of Iran (90%) and Iraq (63%; Sunni 34%) • Lebanon (36%, Sunni – 22%)

  36. Leadership of Islam Muhammad 570-610 Sunni Abu Bakr (622-634)* Umar (634-644)* Uthman (644-656) 1st Umayyad* Shi’a • Twelvers (Imamites) • Ali (656-661)* • Hasan (d. 669) • Husayn (d. 680) • Alizain-al-Abidin (d. 712) • Muhammad-al-Bakir (d. 731) Ma’awiya (661-680) Umayyad Dynasty (661-750) 5. Zaid Zaidites 6. Ja’far-al-Zadiq (d. 765) 7. Musa-al-Kazim (d. 797) Abbasid Dynasty (750-909) 7. Ishmail Ishmalites 8. Ali-al-Rida (d. 818) 9. Mhuammad-al-Mawad (d. 835) 10. Ali-al-Hadi (d. 868) 11. Hasan-al-Askari (d. 847) 12. Muhammad-al- Muntazar (d. 878) Fatimids (909-1171) Seljuk Turks (1055-1243) Saladin and Mamelukes Ottoman Turks (1326-1917) * Four “rightly guided Caliphs”

  37. Historical Development • Shi’a succession • Fivers (Zaidites) • Smaller group located primarily in Yamen • Less radical • Seveners (Ismailites) • Most radical theologically • Found in India, Pakistan and East Africa • True seventh imam was Ismail, incarnation of Allah which unacceptable to other Muslims. • It was Ismail who went into concealment and will return • Ascendancy over all of Islam through the Fatimid dynasty from 909 to 1171

  38. Historical Development • Sunni succession • Umayyads (661-750) • Sunni leadership represented the majority of Muslims. • The Umayyad tribe kept leadership until A.D. 750 with its capital at Damascus. • Empire included all the Middle East extending through Persia (Iran), Egypt, North Africa, and Spain. • Lull in divisional strife • Frequent attempts to capture Constantinople • Into Europe through Spain; stopped in France • Dynasty falls after civil war with Muhammad’s uncle al-Abbas

  39. Historical Development Umayyads (661-750)

  40. Historical Development • Sunni succession • Abbasid Dynasty to (750-909) • Baghdad the center • High luxury from conquests • Revival of the “true faith” • Height of the culture • Translated Egyptian, Persian, Greek and Roman works • Fatimids – Shi’ite (909-1171) • Seljuk Turks • Saladin and Mamelukes • Ottoman Truks to 1917

  41. Historical Development Abbasid Dynasty to (750-909)

  42. Historical Development Islam Today – Sunni and Shia Map

  43. Allah Spiritual Realm Submission Physical Realm Islam Worldview

  44. Islam Transcendent Worldview • World created by a sovereign transcendent God • God rewards and punishes • God demands submission and obedience • God not influenced by His creation • People exist in obedience to God • Linear material world to eternal existence

  45. Islam – Spiritual Reality • Ultimate reality • Allah, Referred to in the plural (We, Us, Our) • Referred to as: Lord, The One, The Mighty, The Powerful, The King, The Overcomer, The Avenger, The Dominator, The Slayer, The Provider, The Compassionate, The Merciful, The Forgiving, Also presented as loving • Ninty-nine names for God • Described as: • Absolute unitary (3:1, 4, 16; 6:101-102; 16:1-3; 21:22; 25:1-2; 37:4-5; 73:9; 112:1-4) • All-seeing (6:59, 103; 18:25); All-hearing (2:257; 44:5) • All-speaking (18:109; 31:26) • All-knowing (2:27; 6:58; 31:22; 33:54; 58:7-8) • All-willing, i.e. irresistible (6:35; 13:33; 16:2, 9; 76:31; 85:16); All-powerful (2:19; 3:159; 55:16-17)

  46. Islam – Spiritual Reality • Allah, Referred to in the plural (We, Us, Our) The Quran like the Holy Bible, uses plural pronouns for God. • Surah al-Anbiya’ 21:104-107 “And We did not send you (O Muhammad) except as a mercy to the world.” • This is part of the tidings of the things unseen, which We reveal unto thee (O Apostle!) by inspiration: You were not with them when they cast lots with arrows, as to which of them should be charged with the care of Mary: Nor were you with them when they disputed (the point). S. 3:44 Y. Ali • And no soul can die except by ALLAH's leave, - a decree with a fixed term. And whoever desires the reward of the present world, WE will give him thereof; and whoever desires the reward of the Hereafter, WE will give him thereof; and WE will surely reward the grateful. S. 3:145 Shakir

  47. Islam – Spiritual Reality • Spiritual beings • Angels (malak) • Devil (Iblis) • Demons (jinns) • Type of spiritual existence • Heaven – sensual joy (52:17-22; 56:12-23) • Garden of Felicity (37:43) • Young & beautiful chaste women (37:48; 52:20; 56:22; 55:72; 44:54) • Hell – torment and punishment (14:34; 18:28; 20:76) • Relationship to humanity • Generally transcendent • Not personal • Sovereign

  48. Five Pillars of Islam CONFESSION PRAYER ALMSGIVING FASTING PILGRIMAGE Angels Spirits God Prophets Books Judgment Decrees Primary Beliefs

  49. Islam – Physical World • Belief system – Five Pillars • Mainly about practice – Five Pillars are Essential but not exhaustive. • Confession (shahada) • “There is no God but God, and Muhammad is the apostle of God.” • Speaking this confession and meaning it is all one needs to do to become a Muslim • First step to salvation but no guarantee

  50. Islam – Physical World • Belief system – Five Pillars • Prayer (salat) • Five times a day • Call to prayer at appropriate time by muezzin • Now have an i-phone that reminds them of the time for prayer and which direction Mecca is. • Anywhere but preferably in a Mosque for men • Ritual washing before prayer • Wash hands, feet, eyes, ears, nose, mouth • Avoid bodily excretions and opposite sex

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