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Understanding Attachment and Social Relationships in Early Childhood Development

This chapter explores the crucial role of attachment in children's emotional development and social relationships. It discusses the resilience of children despite negative early experiences, emphasizing the importance of close relationships for providing social support and learning opportunities. The text delves into Attachment Theory, highlighting the contributions of Bowlby and Ainsworth, including the dynamics of secure and insecure attachment styles. Additionally, it covers critical concepts such as imprinting, sensitive periods, and attachment-related fears like separation anxiety and stranger anxiety.

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Understanding Attachment and Social Relationships in Early Childhood Development

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  1. Chapter 14Attachment and Social Relationships

  2. Attachment • The case of “Baby Jessica” (p. 385) • Children are resilient • Negative early experiences rarely ruin them for life • Close relationships provide • Learning experiences • Social support – the emotional and practical help from others that bolsters us as individuals, and protects us from stress. • social convoy – a social support system that changes in size and composition over the life span. • Infant’s social convoy is initially only parents and expands to include relatives, friends, teachers, romantic partners and so on over the life span.

  3. Attachment Theory • Bowlby: A strong affectional tie that binds a person to an intimate companion • Helps regulate distress by maintaining proximity seeking through crying, clinging, approaching, and following to maintain closeness • By about 6-7 months • Ainsworth: special, irreplaceable people • Desire to maintain proximity • Derive a sense of security • Bowlby: normal environment important

  4. Ethology • Konrad Lorenz: • Imprinting – innate form of learning in which the young will follow and become attached to a moving object during a critical period; it is irreversible • Humans: Attachment • Sensitive period- longer time period and not automatic behavior; caregiver’s response is important • Predisposed

  5. Attachment-Related Fears • Separation anxiety: 6-8 mo • Peaks around 14-18 mo • Gradually wanes • Stranger anxiety: 8-10 mo • Declines during 2nd yr • Ainsworth: secure base for exploration

  6. Attachment video

  7. Quality of Attachment • Caregiver provides “contact comfort” – pleasurable tactile sensation; important for attachment • Ainsworth: Strange Situation Test • Secure attachment: 60-65% of 1-year olds – sensitive and responsive parenting style -comfortable exploring and using mom as base • Insecure attachment categories • resistant - Inconsistent parenting style; often unresponsive (e.g., depressed) - 10% of 1-year olds – ambivalent reaction to caregiver, very distressed when separated from mom, resists physical contact with mom

  8. Avoidant – rejecting-unresponsive or intrusive-overly stimulating parenting style – 15% of 1-year olds • Rejection, impatient, resentful of mom, do not explore, not wary of strangers • Disorganized/disoriented – frightening (e.g., abusive) or frightened (e.g., overwhelmed) – 15% of infants, - features of both the resistant and the avoidant styles - most insecure, confusion about approaching or avoiding, few strategies for regulating negative emotions

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