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Understanding Exoplanets: Detection Methods and Current Knowledge

Explore the fascinating world of exoplanets, where science has confirmed 201 planetary candidates and 14 actual exoplanets residing around solar-like stars and pulsars. This guide explains how these planets are detected using methods such as the transit method, radial velocity (RV), microlensing, astrometry, and direct imaging. With planetary masses ranging from 6 Earth masses to 13 Jupiter masses, we delve into their characteristics, atmospheres, and close proximities to their host stars. Understand the challenges and future prospects for studying these distant worlds.

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Understanding Exoplanets: Detection Methods and Current Knowledge

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  1. What do we know about the exo-planets? &How to detect direct signals from exo-planets? Florian Rodler what do we know from the exo-planets?

  2. Introduction • 201 confirmed planetary candidates + 14 confirmed planets found around solar-like stars and pulsars (in 175 planetary systems) -12 what do we know from the exo-planets?

  3. Introduction • 201 confirmed planetary candidates + 14 confirmed planets found around solar-like stars and pulsars (in 175 planetary systems) • transit + RV: i ≈ 90°.Exact mass determinationpossible: MPlanet_min = MPlanet . • RV: only minimum mass: MPlanet_min = MPlanetsini • microlensing: estimation of planetary mass • → companion a browndwarf (M>13 Mjup) ? -12 what do we know from the exo-planets?

  4. Introduction • 201 confirmed planetary candidates + 14 confirmed planets found around solar-like stars and pulsars (in 175 planetary systems) exact determination of mass needed!!! • transit + RV: i ≈ 90°.Exact mass determinationpossible: MPlanet_min = MPlanet . • astrometry (→ future) • transit + RV • direct imaging- reflected light (+RV) -12 what do we know from the exo-planets?

  5. Introduction (2) Some do we know about these planets? - Planetary masses (mostly Mplanet_min): 6 MEarth – 13 MJupiter (most planets > 0.5 MJupiter)- very close to host star: 0.03 – 60 AU (most planets < 0.1 AU: hot Jupiters) Hot Jupiter Mercury -11 0.5 AU what do we know from the exo-planets?

  6. Introduction (2) Some parameters of the planets found: - Planetary masses (mostly Mplanet_min): 6 MEarth – 13 MJupiter (most planets > 0.5 MJupiter)- very close to host star (0.03 – 6 AU) -11 what do we know from the exo-planets?

  7. Introduction (2) Some do we know about those planets? - Planetary masses (mostly Mplanet_min): 6 MEarth – 13 MJupiter (most planets > 0.5 MJupiter)- very close to host star: 0.03 – 60 AU (most planets < 0.1 AU: hot Jupiters)- planets are heated up: radii are large (transits!) -11 what do we know from the exo-planets?

  8. Introduction (2) Some do we know about those planets? - Planetary masses (mostly Mplanet_min): 6 MEarth – 13 MJupiter (most planets > 0.5 MJupiter)- very close to host star:0.03 – 60 AU (most planets < 0.1 AU: hot Jupiters)- planets are heated up: radii are large (transits!)- planetary atmospheres (transits, direct imaging, reflected light) -11 what do we know from the exo-planets?

  9. Introduction (2) Some do we know about those planets? - Planetary masses (mostly Mplanet_min): 6 MEarth – 13 MJupiter (most planets > 0.5 MJupiter)- very close to host star: 0.03 – 60 AU (most planets < 0.1 AU: hot Jupiters)- planets are heated up: radii are large (transits!)- planetary atmospheres (transits, direct imaging, reflected light) "Direct methods" -11 what do we know from the exo-planets?

  10. "Direct methods“ ... detecting a direct signal from the planet (a) transits (b) direct imaging (c) reflected light (d) other stuff ... -10 what do we know from the exo-planets?

  11. Transits -9 Atmosphere of the planet around HD 209458 (Charbonneau … 2001) what do we know from the exo-planets?

  12. Transits TrES-1: thermal signature of atmosphere found (Charbonneau ... 2005) -8 what do we know from the exo-planets?

  13. Direct imaging Planet 2M1207 (Chauvin ... 2005) Star-planet flux ratio decreased - for young objects (self-lum.) - in the NIR Close-in planets can hardly be imaged (< 0.1“)! -7 what do we know from the exo-planets?

  14. Direct imaging Planet 2M1207 (Chauvin ... 2005) Star-planet flux ratio decreased - for young objects (self-lum.) - in the NIR Close-in planets can hardly be imaged (< 0.1“)! Flux wavelength (micron) Flux wavelength (micron) -7 Burrows ... 2003) what do we know from the exo-planets?

  15. Reflected Light :: Motivation Jupiter – Sun flux ratio in the visual : 1/250 000 000(seen from outer space) -6 what do we know from the exo-planets?

  16. Reflected Light :: Motivation Jupiter – Sun flux ratio in the visual : 1/250 000 000(seen from outer space) Hot Jupiters are 100x closer: 0.05 AU → planet-star flux ratio ≈ 1/25 000 for a Jupiter sized planet!? hot Jupiters E J 0.05 0.5 5 [AU] log distance from host star -6 what do we know from the exo-planets?

  17. Reflected light High resolution, high S/N spectroscopy of star + planet in the visual! → approx. 2300 stellar absorption lines + → these lines reflected by the planet, BUT- Doppler shifted due to orbital motion- faint (a few times 1/10000 ) → looking for the same pattern in the spectra: each stellar spectral line has its reflected counterpart ... -5 what do we know from the exo-planets?

  18. schematics ... -4 what do we know from the exo-planets?

  19. Requirements bright host stars(spectroscopy!) hot Jupiters (periods of 3-5 days) and lots of data (S/N)! Reflected light Hot Jupiter Mercury 0.5 AU -3 what do we know from the exo-planets?

  20. What will we learn ... ... once we detect reflected light? orbital inclination (+RV) → exact planetary mass information about planetary atmosphere → input for theory! Reflected light -2 what do we know from the exo-planets?

  21. Reflected light Find planetary signature: chi2 minimisation → calculate fits for K and contrast → best fit for planet → significance of detection: MC -1 what do we know from the exo-planets?

  22. Conclusions on direct methods • transits atmospheres (VIS, IR), young and old radii  moons!? i ≈ 90° (b) direct imagingatmospheres (IR), young objects only not close to star (c) reflected light  atmospheres (VIS), old objects onlyvery close to star bright objects 0 what do we know from the exo-planets?

  23. some stuff about Florian Rodler ... Studies at Vienna observatory (1997 - ???), Austria PhD student at MPIA, supervised by Martin Kürster Topics of interest: beer & dancing atmospheres of exo planets, direct detections pulsating stars observing Hobbies: hiking travelling painting biking tours ... what do we know from the exo-planets?

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