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16.1 Thermal Energy

This article delves into the concepts of thermal energy and heat transfer. It explains how heat moves from hot to cold objects due to temperature differences and defines temperature metrics like Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit. The relationship between temperature and the kinetic energy of particles, as well as the impact of thermal expansion on solids, liquids, and gases, is discussed. Additionally, the concept of specific heat is explored, illustrating how different materials require varying amounts of energy to change temperature.

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16.1 Thermal Energy

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  1. 16.1 Thermal Energy

  2. Heat • The transfer of thermal energy because of a temperature difference.

  3. Heat • Flows spontaneously from hot to cold objects

  4. Temperature Review • A measure of how hot or cold an object is • Measured in Celsius, Kelvin, or Fahrenheit • 0 Kelvin or absolute zero is the coldest possible temperature (all atoms stop moving)

  5. Temperature • Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object due to their random movements

  6. Thermal Energy • The total potential and kinetic energy of all the particles (atoms) in an object

  7. Thermal Energy • Depends on mass, temperature, and phase (solid, liquid, or gas)

  8. Thermal Expansion • An increase in the volume of a material due to a temperature increase.

  9. Thermal Expansion • Occurs when particles of matter move farther apart as temperature increases

  10. Thermal Expansion • Gases expand more than liquids. • Liquids expand more than solids. • Weaker particle attractions in gases make them expand more easily.

  11. Thermal Expansion • This is what makes glass thermometers work. • Alcohol expands in the tube giving you the temperature reading.

  12. Specific Heat • The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a material by one degree Celsius.

  13. Specific Heat • The lower a material’s specific heat, the more its temperature rises when a given amount of energy is absorbed by a given mass.

  14. Specific Heat • Translation: • When a material has a low specific heat, it takes less energy to raise its temperature.

  15. Specific Heat • Measured in joules per gram per degree Celsius or J/gx0C

  16. Specific Heat • Q = m x c x ΔT • Q = heat absorbed by a material • m = mass • C = specific heat • ΔT = change in temperature

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