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Audronė Šolienė Vilnius University

A parallel corpus is a useful tool for linguistic research: a case study of English MUST and its Lithuanian correspondences. Audronė Šolienė Vilnius University. OUTLINE. Linguistic issue under analysis :

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Audronė Šolienė Vilnius University

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  1. A parallel corpus is a useful tool for linguistic research: a case study of English MUST and its Lithuanian correspondences Audronė Šolienė Vilnius University

  2. OUTLINE • Linguisticissueunderanalysis: • epistemic-evidential overlap (Palmer 2001,Pietrandrea 2005, Cornillie 2007, Mortelmans 2001, 2009) • ParaCorp: • a parallelcorpuscan serve as a means to disclosetheepi-evid overlap • Results: • Epi-evid use of MUSTand its LT translational correspondences • Discussion and someconclusive remarks Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  3. EPISTEMIC MODALITY non-ep possibility epistemic propositional necessity non-ep • propositional modality used by speakers to express their judgments and attitudes towards the factual status of the proposition (Palmer 2001) MODALITY Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  4. EVIDENTIALITY visual/auditory/other sensory direct evidence indirect evidence reported inferentialobservational & logical (Willet 1988: 65) • the category the speaker uses to indicate what sources of information/kind of evidence s/he has to assert the truth of a proposition • (Faller 2002, Pietrandrea 2005, Cornillie 2007) EVIDENTIALITY Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  5. Epistemic-evidential overlap • Inferential evidentiality = epistemic necessity (van der Auwera & Plungian (1998: 86) Should we bind his wounds? He must be in pain. Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  6. MUST: two distinct prototypical cores • Epistemic-inferential necessity It must be raining. felicitous when the speaker has inferred that it is raining, not when he has directly observed it (Portner 2009:171) • Non-epistemic (participant-externaldeontic) necessity Please... you must leave. Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  7. FOCUS (1) • epistemic-inferential useof MUST and its LT correspondences • in LT transl (EN orig LT transl) Hagridmust have forgotten to tell him something you had to do… Tikriausiai Hagridas jį pamiršo pamokyti, ką reikia dar padaryti… • in LT orig (EN transl LT orig) …velnias, galva kaip medinė, atmerkęs akis pamato skersai stalo pamestas kelnes, matyt, jau labai gražus parėjo… hell, his head feels like wood, when he opens his eyes he sees his pants thrown across the table, he must have come home a pretty sight… . Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  8. FOCUS (2): Aux/adv Strategy EN vs. Slavonic • Epistemic possibility in a Slavonic parallel corpus - a pilot study (van der Auwera, Schalley, Nuyts 2005) •  Translations of a Harry Potter book • 10: Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, Ukrainian • Potential vs. use: difference in frq of aux/adv strategy use • Areality issue: the phenomenon of the eastward decreasing frequencies of mod auxiliaries • Difference in degree of grammaticalization Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  9. AIM • Qualitative & quantitative parameters of translational correspondence • Analysis of choice of adv/verb strategies in translation Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  10. METHOD & DATA • corpus-based contrastive analysis • parallel corpus ParaCorpLTE • bidirectional (E>LT & LT>E) • fiction (written) • timespan: 1980 – 2006 • No of translators: ENLT: 15 (5 men; 10 women) LTEN: 29 (10 men; 19 women) The sub-corpora compiled: 1. The E-LT ParaCorp (873,511 words) 2. The LT-E ParaCorp(698,987 words) Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  11. ParaCorp LTE • Sentencealignment • Aligner LYGIA (Kaunas Vytautas MagnusUniversity) <senalign> <lang value="lt"><s>Prabudusijivisadapirmiausiapamatydavosuplyšusiasužuolaidas.</s></lang> <lang value="en"><s>The first thing Vacė ever saw when she awoke in the morning was the torn curtains.</s></lang> </senalign> <senalign> <lang value="lt"><s>Jausudūlėjusiosnuosenumo, josplyšdavo, vosprisilietus.</s></lang> <lang value="en"><s>Yellowed with age, they'd tear from the slightest touch.</s></lang> </senalign> • ParaConctool(Barlow 1995) • Excel spreadsheet • Multidirectionalsearchbutnotautomatic Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  12. Ep/Non-ep MUST in Eorig • n= 265 Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  13. Correspondences of Ep must in LTtransl : adv/verb strategy tikriausiai‘most probably’, matyt‘seemingly’, turbūt ‘probably’ 42 % ENorig:This mustall sound so silly to you.(aux)LTtransl: Tau turbūt tai atrodo baisiai kvaila.(adv) Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  14. Correspondences of Ep must in LTtransl Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  15. Illustration of correspondences Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  16. Correspondences of Ep must in LTorig : adv/verb strategy LTorig: Jie visi su tarbom, maišais, krepšiais. Matyt, grįžta iš kaimo, pasirinkę maisto.(adv) Etrans: They're all carrying baskets, bags, and sacks. They must be returning from the village where they got food.(aux) Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  17. Correspondences of Ep must in LTorig Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  18. Ø correspondences of MUST Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  19. Ø correspondences • <s>Sophie, we both may be in danger.</s> • <s>Sofi, mums abiem gresia pavojus.</s> Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  20. Translational paradigms: different degrees of likelihood MUSTGAL‘maybe’, GALĖTI ‘can/may/might’3 % Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  21. Translational paradigms: different degrees of likelihood Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  22. Semantic core of evidentials - inferential source: LT MATYT • Directperception (non-modal) • Matausaulę. ‘Iseethesun’ • Indirectperception evidentialmeaning • Iškart matyti, kad esate kūrusi muziką. ‘It isevidentthatyouhavecreatedmusic’ • Parenthesis evid-epmodalmeaning • Jis, matyt, mirtinai nuobodžiavo. ‘‘Apparently, hewasbored to death’ Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  23. Correspondences of MATYT Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  24. Inferential sources & MATYT (1) • Evidence inferred from observed results • …langelį uždengia blyški paklodė. Matyt, prausis. • …the window was covered by a pale sheet. He was obviously going to bathe. • …kiemas buvo pilnas žvėrelių. Šitame kelio ruože, matyt, buvo įrengta požeminė perėja žvėreliams. • …the yard was full of animals. It seemed that there was an underground pedestrian walkway on this side of the highway. Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  25. Inferential sources & MATYT (2) • Evidence inferred by logical reasoning • Pačiam vienam būtų visai prastai. Matyt, ir Vytautas negali likti vienas. • If I were left all by myself, it would be much worse. Quitepossibly, Vytautas can't stay alone either. Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  26. Summing up • Choice of V/ADV strategy • Dominance of mod ADVs in LT fiction •  correspondence in SL & TL • Overlap of ep necessity and possibility in LT • language-specific conceptualization of modal epistemic-inferential necessity (& possibility) • different nuances of evidence  different degrees of certainty (Boye&Harder 2009) Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  27. THANK YOU! Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  28. References • Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2004. Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. • Boye, Kasper and Peter Harder. 2009. Evidentiality: Linguistic categories and grammaticalization. Functions of Language 16 (1), 9-43. • Cornillie, Bert. 2007. Epistemic Modality and Evidentiality in Spanish (semi-) auxiliaries. A Cognitive-functional Approach. Berlin - New York: Mouton de Gruyter. • Cornillie, Bert. 2009. Evidentiality and epistemic modality: on the close relationship of two different categories. Functions of Language. 16 (1), 44-32. • de Haan, Ferdinand. 1999. Evidentiality and Epistemic Modality: Setting Boundaries. Southwest Journal of Linguistics 18, 83-101. • Mortelmans, Tanja. 2000. On the ‘evidential’ nature of the ‘epistemic’ use of the German modals müssen and sollen. Belgian Journal of Linguistics 14, 131-148. • Palmer, Frank R. 2001. Mood and modality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. • Pietrandrea, Paola. 2005. Epistemic Modality. Functional Properties and the Italian System. Amsterdam – Philadelphia: John Benjamins. • Plungian, Vladimir A. 2001. The place of evidentiality within the universal grammatical space. Journal of pragmatics 33, 349-357. • Simon-Vandenbergen, Anne-Marie and Karin Aijmer. 2007. The Semantic Field of Modal Certainty. A Corpus-Based Study of English Adverbs. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. • Squartini, Mario. 2004. Disentangling evidentiality and epistemic modality in Romance. Lingua 114 (7), 873-889 Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  29. Explanation: change of meaning • (Johansson 2001: 238) ’The general background for zero correspondences is the weakened meaning of SEEM.’ • (Aijmer 2000): SURELY  Grammaticalization+Subjectification: ’unidirectional development from the literal meaning of certaintyemphasis a degree of uncertainty.’ Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  30. Probability seem in E, SE & NO The findings are in line with results in SE & NO • The frequency of zero correspondences of SEEM in the Norwegian text is about 16% (Johansson (2001: 238) • Ø correspondences of Swedish particles • VISST (‘?seems’) in English is about 16.9% (Aijmer 1996: 411); • VÄL (‘probably’/‘perhaps’) is 38% (Aijmer 1996: 415); Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

  31. Ep possibility+ necessity: STRATEGIES Innovative Information Technologies for Science, Business and Education IIT-2013

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