Business Data Communications

1. Business Data Communications Chapter Eleven Trends in Business Data Communications

2. Primary Learning Objectives • Understand the elements of convergence • Define unified messaging • Identify three leading wireless implementations • Describe IPv6 • Name four emerging career areas

3. Elements of Convergence • Convergence: • The integration of data, voice, audio, and video • Carried seamlessly over the same infrastructure • Available from any location • Accessible from many types of devices • Compatible with many types of software platforms • Based on world-wide standards • Resulting in pervasive computing

4. Elements of Convergence Pervasive computing implies a technology so widely accepted and commonly used as to be an every day aspect of life, such as driving a car, using a telephone, or listening to the radio

5. Elements of Convergence • SOAP – Small Personal Object Technology • SIP – Session Initiation Protocol • IM – Instant messaging • XML – Extensible Markup Language • SAML – Security Assertion Markup Language • XMPP – Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol

6. Unified Messaging • A possible next “killer application” • Is structured to deliver multiple message systems into one common inbox • Allows for multiple message systems access from one common portal • Is intended to simplify complex message systems delivery into a single, integrated system: • Fax • Land phone • Cell phone • E-mail • Web browser

7. Unified Messaging • Can be tied or associated with database technology • Provides for speech-to-text capability • Provides for text-to-speech capability • Is designed to accommodate different communication technologies, using different media, and different devices • Must be flexible enough to accommodate traditional services, such as PBX implementations

8. Unified Messaging

9. Wireless Implementations • Are another possible next “killer application” • Will be essential if applications such as IM and UM are to meet their promise • Must address concerns related to security, bandwidth, and standardization • Range from global, to local, to personal: • 3G • 802.11 • Bluetooth

10. Wireless Implementations – 3G, Global • Third generation wireless: • Evolved from 1G and 2G • Designed to support traditional as well as multimedia forms of data • Provides for wide-area mobile communications using a worldwide standard: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) • Is a broadband, packet-based wireless transmission • Provides for three types of data rates

11. Wireless Implementations – 3G, Global • Data rates: • 144 Kbps for automotive • 384 Kbps for pedestrian • 2 Mbps for interior • Is capable of: • Fixed and variable rate bit traffic • Bandwidth on demand • Multimedia mail storage and forwarding • Allows for various billing methods including: • Pay-per-bit • Fixed flat rate

12. Wireless Implementations – 3G, Global

13. Summary of 1G to 4G

14. Wireless Implementations – 802.11, Local • An umbrella standard of the IEEE containing, from oldest to newest: • 802.11b • 802.11a • 802.11g • Positioned as a wireless LAN solution • Referred to as Wi-Fi, for wireless fidelity

15. Wireless Implementations – 802.11, Local • 802.11b • The oldest of the 802.11 protocols • Operates in the 2.4 GHz range • Provides for three non-overlapping channels • Supports a maximum throughput of 11 Mbps per channel • Has a range of 328 feet • Is not compatible with 802.11a • Is compatible with 802.11g • Generally less expensive than 802.11a and 802.11g

16. Wireless Implementations – 802.11, Local • 802.11a • Developed after 802.11b, even though it has an “a” designation • Operates in the 5 GHz range • Provides for twelve non-overlapping channels • Supports a maximum throughput of 54 Mbps per channel • Has a range of 80 feet • Is not compatible with 802.11b • Is not compatible with 802.11g • Is generally more expensive than 802.11b but less expensive than 802.11g

17. Wireless Implementations – 802.11, Local • 802.11g • The latest of the 802.11 group • Operates in the 2.4 GHz range • Provides for three non-overlapping channels • Supports a maximum throughput of 54 Mbps per channel • Has a range of 328 feet • Is compatible with 802.11b • Is not compatible with 802.11a • Is generally more expensive than either 802.11b or 802.11a

18. Wireless Implementations – 802.11, Local • Is associated with: • WAP – Wireless Application Protocol • An application environment for mobile devices • A platform-independent open standard • Utilizes WML, Wireless Markup Language • WEP – Wired Equivalent Protocol • Intended as a wireless security solution • In practice, has proven easy to hack into • 802.11i, a new IEEE wireless security protocol that addresses the weak security issues related to WEP • WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access), a wireless security protocol sponsored by Microsoft, Intel, Cisco, and Apple, also in response to WEP’s weaknesses

19. Wireless Implementations – Bluetooth, Personal • Creates a personal area network (PAN) • Uses low-power radio transmissions • Transmits at 1 Mbps • Uses frequency hopping at 1,600 hops per second for security • Particularly associated with such devices as scanners, cameras, keyboards, mice, printers, etc. • Intended for wireless communication among devices in close proximity – less than a 1,000 feet

20. Wireless Implementations • Hot spots: • Locations where roaming users find wireless access for Internet connectivity • Generally requires users to pay a small fee • Can be “sniffed” out, or in many cases located on the WWW • War driving • Associated with hackers in vehicles sniffing out wireless access points for unauthorized network penetration

21. IPv6 • Will gradually replace IPv4 • Is also called IPng for Internetworking Protocol, next generation • Provides for 128 bit addressing, referred to as hexadecimal colon notation • DA3F:38C7:1934:EC8B:5671:0000:A690:21ED • Allows for three addressing types: • Unicast • Includes the Unspecified and Loopback addresses • Multicast • Requires subscription • Anycast • For packets with the same header prefix

22. IPv6 • Defines a packet with three potential components: • A required header, fixed at 40 bytes • An optional extension header • The message, or payload • By design provides for and incorporates: • Prioritization of packets • Handling for multimedia types of data • Encryption • Authentication • Significant flexibility in addressing design

23. IPv6 • Transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6: • Dual stack • Devices run both protocol stacks • Tunneling: • Intended for two IPv6 devices that must communicate through an IPv4 network • Can be automatic or configured • For configured tunneling a router is the likely mechanism for protocol translation • Header Translation • Intended for IPv6 packets traveling through an IPv6 network, but the receiver is ultimately an IPv4 device

24. Careers in Data Communications • The traditional job ladder: • Entry-level: help desk, PC technician, network technician assistant • 2nd-level: network technician, typically sent out in the field to maintain, configure, and troubleshoot client devices and also assist end-users • 3rd-level: network architect/designer, helps the business to design local networking solutions • 4th-level: network administration, managing a staff with departmental responsibilities, usually at a functional level • 5th-level: upper management, assisting the business in planning its strategic direction and how to meet those goals

25. Careers in Data Communications • Research shows a direct relationship between formal education level achieved and potential income earned • The more you learn, the more you earn! • Popular career certifications, one means of demonstrating technical mastery, include: • A+ Comptia - Vendor Neutral • Network+ Comptia - Vendor Neutral • CCNA and CCNP Cisco • MCP and MCSE Microsoft • CNA and CNE Novell

26. Emerging Careers in Data Communications • Predicted emerging career fields include: • XML designers • Security specialists • Wireless technologists • IPv6 professionals • Each of the technologies we have covered in this text (LANs, BNs, MANs, and WANs) has a host of career opportunities and specializations

27. In Summary • Pervasive computing is transforming what is meant by data communications • Emerging applications include IM and UM • Wireless technologies are poised for wide-scale implementation • IPv6 will gradually replace IPv4 • Your career is waiting for you • Good Luck!