In the name of Allah, the most gracious, the most merciful

1. In the name of Allah, the most gracious, the most merciful

2. Annual Teacher’s Refresher Training 2011Subject Specialist:- Mrs. AkhtarBukhariDACW Phase VII Syndicate Leader:- Mrs.GhazalaDA High School Phase VII.Presentation by:- Mr. Muhammad SohailDA High School Phase VIII

3. Topic:-World Resources1)Resources2)Types of Resourcesa)Natural Resourcesb)Human Resources3) Human Resources and Professionsa)Cattle Rearingb)Cultivation & Farmingc)Craftsd)Industriese)Miningf)Business and Tradeg) Information Technology

4. ObjectivesSHORT TERM OBJECTIVES1)The objectives which can be achieve by Inculcating students about the aforementioned topic would be.2) They would be able to learn about the types of Industries People are employed and engaged.3)They would be able to differentiate among the Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Industries of employment.4) They would be able to compare the employment in Primary Industry such as agricultural farming with and pastoral farming with Tertiary Industry e.g. trade and transport5)They would be able to know that in which Industry the majority is employed in.6) Students would be able to learn what developments have taken place in all major occupation around the world over the time.`They would be driven to compare this situation with Pakistan and the how Pakistan can take advantage of the progression in the said topic.

5. LONG TERM OBJECTIVEStudent would not get ready information on the said topic but also would be able to implement the useful knowledge in there future life.

6. RESOURCESAll those means in which lab our and material means are included which help in the progress of country are called resources . Resources are blessed naturally and they are also obtained by the capacity and capability of human beings for doing certain work.

7. Types of ResourcesThere are two types of resources which are following. 1)Natural Resources2) Human Resources 1)Natural Resources All these resources which are blessed by Almighty Allah to the different countries of the world in form of fertile soil, forests , minerals and water etc. are called natural Resources.

8. 2)Human ResourcesPeople engaged in so many occupation and tasks constitute human resources These resources Combine the capacity ,capability and expertise resources of the human beings working in different professions. These human been categorized in different employments. It may be noted that these man person who is above 10 years of age and works for himself or performs duty for other for at least one hour a day is called an occupation, like service, agriculture, mining, architecture, business, communication, government service and other types of paid work.

9. INDIA The livestock population of India is huge and animals as a whole play an important role in the agricultural economy even though they often receive inadequate nourishment. Slaughter of cattle in India is prohibited in all but a few states since Hindus believe that cows and other animals may contain reincarnated human souls. The slaughter of buffaloes is not as offensive to the religious beliefs of Hindus, and buffaloes are slaughtered for meat In 2001 there were an estimated 219.6 million head of cattle, representing about 15% of the world's total and more than in any other country. There are eight breeds of buffalo, 26 cattle breeds, and numerous crossbreeds. The bovine inventory in 2001 also included 94.1 million buffalo. Other livestock in 2001 included 123.5 million goats, 58.2 million sheep, 17.5 million hogs, 900,000 camels, 750,000 asses, 800,000 horses, and 735 million chickens. Bullocks (steers) and water buffalo are important draft animals. Dairy farming has made India self-sufficient in butter and powdered milk. Dairying in India is undertaken on millions of small farms, where one to three milk animals are raised on less than a hectare (2.5 acres), and yields consist of two to three liters of milk daily. To improve milk production, a dairy development program was begun in 1978 to build up the milch herd to 150 million crossbred cows. Milk output in 2001 from over 35 million dairy cows was estimated at 37.1 million tons, second in the world. Egg production in 2001 was 1,906,000 tons. The production of cattle and buffalo hides and goat- and sheepskins is a major industry. About 53,700 tons of wool were produced in 2001. Silk production that year amounted to 15,000 tons, second highest after China. Animal dung is also used for fuel and fertilizer.

11. In 2001, the livestock population was 11,191,000 head of cattle, 12,456,000 goats, 7,294,000 sheep, 5,867,000 hogs and 430,000 horses. There are also about 2,287,000 buffalo in the country. The production of meat (about 1,742,000 tons in 2001) and cows' milk (505,000 tons) is secondary to the raising of draft animals for agricultural purposes and transportation. The government has established cattle-breeding stations and artificial-insemination centers to improve the stock and has been carrying on research to improve pastures. Technical and other assistance is also offered to chicken and duck farmers in an effort to increase protein supplies.

12. There were an estimated 853.8 million chickens and 29.9 million ducks in 2001, when some 641,000 tons of eggs were produced. Local demand for animal products is constrained by low purchasing power, but increases in consumer income will raise demand for animal protein. Dairy and egg exports totaled $115.2 million in 2001.

13. PAKISTAN Some 30 to 35 million people are engaged in the livestock industry. Camels are used for transport throughout the more barren south and west, and bullocks and donkeys elsewhere.

14. Sheep range widely over the grazing lands of middle and northern Pakistan; the bulk of their wool is exported. Among local breeds of cattle, the Red Sindhi, the Tharparker, the Sahiwal are renowned for milk, and the Bhagnari and Dhanni for draft purposes. The production of powdered milk, cheese, butter, and ice cream is carried out by several large dairy plants. From 1984 to 1990, milk production increased by 41%, and meat production rose 48%. Even so, domestic milk production still falls short of demand. Poultry production has recently became prominent, especially through scientific research in breeding, feeding, and disease control. With the assistance of the Asian Development Bank, several livestock development projects are currently underway.

15. In 2001 there were 23.3 million buffaloes, 22.4 million head of cattle, 49.1 million goats, and 24.2 million sheep. Commercial poultry numbered 170.1 million broilers and 10.36 million layers in 1999. There were also an additional 108 million poultry kept by people in rural areas. Modern poultry production in Pakistan is constrained by high mortality and incidence of disease in chicks and an inefficient marketing system. The livestock industry contributed 37% to the total value of agricultural output in 1998/99, and 9% to GDP. Production estimates for 2001 included (in tons): beef, 428,000; mutton, 508,000; poultry, 338,000; wool, 39,200; and milk, 7,338,000. In an effort to increase domestic milk production, the government has initiated a comprehensive livestock development program with $55 million in assistance from the Asian Development Bank. The government has also broadened extension and artificial breeding services, taken measures to improve slaughterhouses, and introduced high-yield fodder varieties. Cattle dung is an important cooking fuel and fertilizer.

16. TURKEY Turkey is heavily overgrazed. Many animals are used for transport and draft purposes as well as to supply meat and dairy products. The principal animals of commercial importance are mohair goats and sheep. The sheep wool is used mainly for blankets and carpets, and Turkey is a leading producer of mohair. Nevertheless, animal husbandry is generally poorly developed despite the great number of animals. In 2001 there were 28.5 million sheep, 10.7 million head of cattle, 7.2 million goats, and 258 million chickens. Production of wool was estimated at 40,900 tons in 2001. Other livestock products included cow's milk, 8.5 million tons; poultry meat, 631,000 tons; and hen eggs, 529,000 tons. Turkish apiculture produced some 60,190 tons of honey in 2001, fourth in the world.

17. The United States produced an estimated 16% of the world's meat supply in 2001. In 2001, meat animals accounted for $6.7 billion in exports; dairy and eggs, $773 million. The livestock population in 2001 included an estimated 97.2 million head of cattle, 59.1 million hogs, and seven million sheep and lambs. That year, there were 1.9 billion chickens, and 88 million turkeys. Milk production totaled 75 million metric tons in that year, with Wisconsin, California, and New York together accounting for much of the total. Wisconsin, Minnesota, and California account for more than half of all US butter production, which totaled 558,700 metric tons in 2001; in that year, the United States was the world's largest producer of cheese, with more than four million metric tons (24% of the world's total).

18. The United States produced an estimated 16% of the world's meat supply in 2001. In 2001, meat animals accounted for $6.7 billion in exports; dairy and eggs, $773 million.

19. Agriculture Resources

20. AGRICULTURE With some 50% of the economically active population engaged in farming, agriculture forms the foundation of China's economy. Limitations in topography, soil, and climate, however, have restricted cultivation to only about 14.5% of the total land area. Despite recent advances—grain crops totaling an estimated 457 million tons were produced in 1999 (22.1% of the world's total)—the enormous pressures of feeding and clothing China's vast and growing population remain among the country's most compelling concerns. From 1980 to 1990, agricultural output grew at an average annual rate of 5.9%, above the population growth rate and the first sustained expansion of agriculture since 1966; output increased at an average annual rate of 4.1% from 1990 to 2000.

21. The PRC government expropriated large landholdings in a land reform carried out in 1951–52, redistributing the land among poor peasants. By the end of 1954, 11.5% of all peasant households had been collectivized; by 1955, 65%; and by 1965, 99%. The Chinese collective farms had virtually no mechanical equipment, but the peasants pooled their labor in various projects, such as water management, which were beyond the capacity of individual peasants. In 1958, the collective farms were merged into larger units as people's communes. The communes were concerned not only with agricultural output but also with subsidiary farm activities, such as light industry and handicrafts, usually produced for local consumption. Far-reaching changes in the organization of communes took place during 1961–62. Formerly, the production brigade (the major division of a commune), of which there were about 719,438 in 1982, was regarded as the commune's "basic accounting unit." In 1962, however, the production team (the subdivision of a commune) became the commune's basic organizational element. The average production team consisted of 33 households and cultivated about eight ha (20 acres). Production teams functioned almost autonomously, making basic decisions on production and distribution of income, while the commune mainly exercised the functions of a township government. Households, the final link in the system, were permitted the use of private plots, which made up about 5% of the arable land assigned to a team. In the early 1980s, these private holdings accounted for 19% of total agricultural output and the bulk of the country's production of vegetables, fruits, hogs, and poultry. Under the "responsibility system," which was introduced in 1978 and by 1983 was operating in 90% of rural China, all production in excess of assigned levels could be sold on the open market to yield a profit for individual production teams. In 1982, in addition to the rural communes,

22. which provided most of China's agricultural output, there were 2,078 state farms working approximately 4.5% of all farmland. These farms, under the Ministry of State Farms and Reclamation, generally served as commodity production centers and as research units for the improvement of crop and livestock yields

23. Industrial crops occupy only 8–9% of the cultivated areas. Among the most important are cotton various oil-bearing crops sugar, tobacco, silk, tea, and rubber.

24. Pakistan's agricultural heartland. There are two principal growing seasons: the kharif season starts between April and June and ends between October and December, while the rabi season starts between October and December and ends during April or May. Grains constitute the most important food crops, with wheat, rice, corn, and citrus the major products. Cotton, the most important cash crop, generates more foreign trade income than any other export item. Cotton production suffered in the late 1990s from leaf curl virus. In 2001/02, production totaled 8.3 million bales. Rice, sugarcane, tobacco, rapeseed, and mustard are also large export earners. Rice covers 11% of all cropland—production in 2001/02 totaled 3.88 million tons.

25. UNITED STATES • In 1999, the United States produced a substantial share of the world's agricultural commodities. Agricultural exports reached $56.7 billion in 2001. The United States had an agricultural trade surplus of $11.7 billion in 2001, third after Australia and Brazil.Between 1930 and 1998, the number of farms in the United States declined from 6,546,000 to an estimated 2,190,000. The total amount of farmland increased from 399 million hectares (986 million acres) in 1930 to 479 million hectares (1.18 billion acres) in 1959 but declined to 386 million hectares (954 million acres) in 1998.

26. A remarkable increase in the application of machinery to farms took place during and after World War II (1939–45). Tractors, trucks, milking machines, grain combines, corn pickers, and pickup bailers became virtual necessities in farming. In 1920 there was less than one tractor in use for every 400 hectares (1,000 acres) of cropland harvested; by 1997 there were five tractors per 400 hectares. Two other elements essential to US farm productivity are chemical fertilizers and irrigation. Fertilizers and lime represent more than 6% of farm operating expenses. Arable land under irrigation amounted to 12% of the total in 1998.

27. UNITED KINGDOM • Agriculture is intensive and highly mechanized, producing about 60% of the UK's food needs. Agriculture's importance has declined in recent years; including forestry and fishing, it contributed about 1% to the GDP in 2001, down from 2.3% in 1971. In 2001, agricultural products accounted for 4.9% of exports and there was an agricultural trade deficit of almost $13.5 billion (second after Japan). Agriculture engaged 1% of the labor force in 1999. Just over 26% of Great Britain's land area was devoted to crops in 1998. There were about 240,000 holdings, down from 422,000 in the late 1960s. In Great Britain roughly 70% of the farms are primarily or entirely owner-occupied, but in Northern Ireland nearly all are.

28. HANDICRAFTS Craft also referred to as ‘handcrafts or handicrafts’ is the making of decorative or functional objects, generally by hand. Hand and power tools may be used; however, in making some crafts items. People of different countries are involved in the making of different kinds of crafts. These crafts become the specialty of the People of that region. The examples are weaving, basketry, macramé, embroidery, rug hooking, quitting, batik, fabric screen printing, leather craft pottery; wood carving and jeweler-making are some of the crafts that are being passed on from one generation to another.

29. There are many other crafts practiced today. Among them are work in acrylics and other plastics, bread dough sculpting, knitting and crocheting , making cloth toys and dolls, flower crafts ,candle making miniatures. Mostly, people in villages and also in some cities, there are experts in these crafts.

30. Industries The work and Progress involved in the making of things in factories by using machines is called Industry.

31. CHINA China has achieved a rapid increase in the gross value of industrial output (used before China switched to GNP accounting in 1986), which, according to official Chinese statistics, rose by 13.3% annually between 1950 and 1979. The greatest sustained surge in growth occurred during the first decade, with the rate averaging 22% annually during 1949–60. During 1961–74, the yearly growth rate fell to about 6%, partly as a result of the disruptions brought on by the collapse of the Great Leap Forward (which accompanied the withdrawal of Soviet technicians in mid-1960) and of work stoppages and transportation disruptions during the Cultural Revolution. Growth averaged 10% from 1970 to 1980 and 10.1% from 1979 to 1985. Major policy reforms of 1984 further accelerated the pace of industrial growth, which reached 20.8% by 1988. After a brief retrenchment period in 1989–90 as government policies prioritized inflation control over other concerns, expansion of the country's industrial sector resumed apace, exceeding 20% in 1992 and 18% in 1994. Industrial output was officially up 13.4% in 1995, with state enterprises contributing the majority

32. China's cotton textile industry is the largest in the world, producing yarn, cloth, woolen piece goods, knitting wool, silk, jute bags, and synthetic fibers. Labor-intensive light industries played a prominent role in the industrial boom of the late 1980s and early 1990s, accounting for 49% of total industrial output, but heavy industry and high technology took over in the late 1990s. In addition to garments and textiles, output from light industry includes footwear, toys, food processing, and consumer electronics. Heavy industries include iron and steel, coal, machine building, armaments, petroleum, cement, chemical fertilizers, and autos. High technology industries produce high-speed computers, 600 types of semiconductors, specialized electronic measuring instruments, and telecommunications equipment.

33. INDIA Modern industry has advanced fairly rapidly since independence, and the industrial sector now contributes 26.9% of the GDP. Large modern steel mills and many fertilizer plants, heavy machinery plants, oil refineries, locomotive and automotive works have been constructed; the metallurgical, chemical, cement, and oil-refining industries have also expanded. Moreover, India has established its role in the high value-added sectors of the "new economy" sectors of information technology (IT), computer hardware, computer software, media and entertainment. Yet, though the total product is large, industry absorbs only about 17% of the labor force. Nine states— Maharashtra, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh— together account for most of Indian industry.

34. India is the world's tenth-largest steel producer. In 2001/02, according to the Ministry of Steel, it produced 4.08 million tons of pig iron (up 19.8%) and 30.64 million tons of finished steel (up 4.7%). The industry consists of seven large integrated mills and about 180 mini steel plants. Despite some signs of recovery 2002, all the major steel companies except the Tata Steel Corporation, the largest and oldest (founded in 1907), were facing serious financial problems due to overcapacity, cheap imports, and anti-dumping duties imposed by the United States in June 2001 that affected Indian exports. Nevertheless, during 2002 steel experienced a strong revival due to rising steel prices, increased domestic demand mainly from highway construction projects, and a 15.88% YOY rise in exports April to November 2002. In the field of computers and consumer electronics production has been boosted by the liberalization of technology and component imports. In consumer durables, production in many cases grew at double-digit rates in 2002/02 (air conditioners, 25%; microwave ovens, over 20%; color TVs, over 15%, refrigerators, 12%; audio products and DVDs, 10%; washing machines, less than 5%), while computer production was up 36%. Computer software exports have grown as a compound growth rate of 50% per year for the past five years. In 2001/02, electronics hardware exports reached $1.253 billion, up 22.6% over 2001/02, while computer software exports reached $7.8 billion, up 28.7%.

35. PAKISTAN During the 1960s and 1970s, light industry expanded rapidly— especially textiles, sugar refining, fertilizers, and other manufactures derived from local raw materials. Large government investments in the 1970s established the country's first large-scale ship-building and steel milling operations; the production of chemical fertilizers was also given special government support. The Pakistan Industrial Development Corp., established in the early 1980s with IDA credit, developed industrial estates for small- and medium-scale industries, assisting their occupants in obtaining credit, raw materials, technical and managerial assistance, access to production facilities, as well as marketing support. Despite steady overall industrial growth during the 1980s, the sector remains concentrated in cotton processing, textiles, food processing and petroleum refining.

36. about 14,500 workers and has an annual production capacity of 1.1 million tons. The government plans to expand the mill's annual capacity to 3 million tons. Pakistan Steel produces coke, pig iron, billets, hot and cold rolled coils and sheets, and galvanized sheets. In June 1999, the first tin-plating plant began operation, a joint venture with Japan. Pakistan has ten fertilizer plants, six state-owned and four private, with a total annual production capacity of 4.65 million tons. Production in 2000/01 was 3.66 million tons, up 10.5% from 1999/00. There are 21 cement plants, four state-owned and 17 private, with an annual production capacity of 19.2 million tons. Production in 1999/00 was 9.9 million tons., up 4% from 1999/98. Pakistan's chemical industry produces an number of basic chemicals used in its other industries, including soda ash, caustic soda and sulfuric acid. Industrial output from other major industries also includes refined sugar, vegetable ghee, urea, rubber tubes, electric motors, electrical consumer products (light bulbs, air conditioners, fans refrigerators, freezers, TV sets, radios, and sewing machines), and pharmaceuticals

37. UNITED STATES Although the United States remains one of the world's preeminent industrial powers, manufacturing no longer plays as dominant a role in the economy as it once did. Between 1979 and 1998, manufacturing employment fell from 20.9 million to 18.7 million, or from 21.8% to 14.8% of national employment. Throughout the 1960s, manufacturing accounted for about 29% of total national income; by 1987, the proportion was down to about 19%. In 2002, manufacturing was experiencing a decline due to the recession that began in March 2001, according to the Institute for Supply Management's (ISM) gauge of manufacturing activity.

38. In the 1980s and 1990s, the United States was the world leader in computer manufacturing. At the beginning of the 21st century, however, the high-tech manufacturing industry registered a decline. Employment in high-technology manufacturing fell by 415,000 jobs from January 2001 to December 2002, a decrease of 20%. Semiconductor manufacturing had been migrating out of the United States to East Asian countries, especially China, Taiwan, and Singapore, and research and development in that sector declined from 1999–2003. Certain long-established industries—especially clothing and steelmaking—have suffered from outmoded facilities that (coupled with high US labor costs) have forced the price of their products above the world market level. In 2002, the United States was the world's 3rd-leading steel producer (after China and Japan). Employment in the steel industry fell from 521,000 in 1974 to 190,000 in 1992. The steel industry at the end of 2002 was operating at less than 65% of capacity, the lowest level in 14 years, and 50,300 steelmaking jobs had been lost from 1997–2002. Automobile manufacturing was an ailing industry in the 1980s, but rebounded in the 1990s. The "Big Three" US automakers—General Motors, Ford, and Daimler-Chrysler—manufactured over 60% of the passenger cars sold in the United States in 1995. Passenger car production, which had fallen from 7.1 million units in 1987 to 5.4 million in 1991, rose to 6.3 million by 1995 and to 8.3 million in 1999. In 2001, over 11.4 million automobiles were produced, an 11% decrease from the 12.8 million produced in 2000.

39. UNTIED KINGDOM The United Kingdom is one of the most highly industrialized countries in the world. The industrial sector of the economy declined in relative importance after 1973, because of the worldwide economic slowdown; however, output rose in 1983 and 1984 and in 1985 was growing at an annual rate of 3%. Manufacturing accounted for 25.1% of GDP in 1985 and 22.3% in 1992. Since World War II, some traditional industries have markedly declined—e.g., cotton textiles, steel, shipbuilding, locomotives—and their place has been taken by newer industries, such as electronics, offshore oil and gas products, and synthetic fibers. In the chemicals industry, plastics and pharmaceuticals have registered the most significant growth. The United Kingdom had a total of 11 oil refineries in 2002, with a capacity of 1,784,000 barrels per day. The pattern of ownership, organization, and control of industry is varied; public, private, and cooperative enterprises are all important. The public sector plays a significant role; however, since 1979 the government has sold off a number of companies and most manufacturing is conducted by private enterprise. Although the average firm is still fairly small, there has been a trend in recent years toward the creation of larger enterprises.

40. Science and Technology China • China's principal technological handicap is lack of skilled personnel. Only 1% of the PRC's 127 million 22-year-olds receive a university degree. However, 37% of all Chinese degrees are in engineering, the highest ratio in Asia. Part of China's response to this shortage has been to send tens of thousands of students overseas for advanced study, especially in the US. In 1987–97, science and engineering students accounted for 43% of college and university enrollments. China had 454 scientists and engineers and 200 technicians per million people engaged in research and development during the same period. Scientific research is coordinated by the prestigious Chinese Academy of Sciences, founded in 1949 and headquartered in Beijing. China in 1996 had 90 specialized learned societies in the fields of agriculture, medicine, science, and technology. Most are affiliated members of the China Association for Science and Technology, founded in 1958. International science and technology cooperation is also increasing. In 1998, high-technology exports were valued at $23.3 billion and accounted for 15% of manufactured exports. However, concerns over human rights issues have had the effect of cooling US-PRC science and technology exchanges. In 1996, China had 105 universities and colleges offering courses in basic and applied science.

41. Total expenditures on research and development amounted to 41.9 billion rupees in 1987–97; India had an estimated 149,000 scientists and engineers and 108,000 technicians engaged in research and development that year. Allocations are divided among government and industry, with government providing the major share. There has been a marked growth in the training of engineers and technicians. In 1987–97, science and engineering students accounted for 25% of college and university enrollments. Among the technological higher schools are the Indian Institute of Science at Bangalore and the Indian Institutes of Technology at Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Delhi, Kanpur, Kharagpur, and Madras. In 1947, there were 620 colleges and universities; by 1996, that number was nearly 7,700. One of the primary science and technology issues facing India is a "brain drain." Over 13,000 Indian students annually seek science and engineering degrees in the United States. Such an exodus may greatly reduce the quality of science and engineering education in India.

42. An importer of nuclear technology since the 1960s, India tested its own underground nuclear device for the first time in 1974 at Pokaran, in Rajasthan. In May1998, India once again performed nuclear tests, dropping three bombs into 700-foot-deep shafts in the desert at Pokoran, with an impact of 80 kilotons. Pakistan responded later the same month with tests of its own. The first Indian-built nuclear power plant, with two 235-MW heavy-water reactors, began operating in July 1983, and an experimental fast-breeder reactor was under construction.

43. The country's largest scientific establishment is the Bhabha Atomic Research Center at Trombay, near Mumbai (formerly Bombay), which has four nuclear research reactors and trains 150 nuclear scientists each year. In the area of space technology, India's first communications satellite, Aryabhata, was launched into orbit by the former USSR on 19 April 1975, and two additional satellites were orbited by Soviet rockets in 1979 and 1981. The Indian Space Research Organization constructed and launched India's first satellite-launching vehicle, the SLV-3, from its Vikram Sarabhai Space Center at Sriharikota on 18 July 1980; the four-stage, solid-fuel rocket put a 35 kg (77 lb) Rohini satellite into near-earth orbit. Indian-built telecommunications satellites have been launched into orbit from Cape Canaveral, Florida, by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration, by the European Space Agency, and from French Guiana. India has established a satellite-tracking station at Kavalur, in Tamil Nadu. In 1984, the first Indo-Soviet manned mission was completed successfully; in 1985, two Indians were selected for an Indo-US joint shuttle flight. An important international sciences program is the United States-India Fund (USIF), through which scientists and engineers participate in Indo-US joint research projects at 15 institutions in each country. Projects include earthquake, atmospheric, marine, energy, environment, medical, and life sciences.

44. PAKSITAN Pakistan has made notable advances in nuclear technology since the 1980s, when its Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) developed a nuclear plant for electric power generation and research programs. The AEC's three nuclear centers for agricultural research have employed nuclear techniques to improve crop varieties. Six nuclear medical centers provide diagnosis and treatment of patients with radioisotopes produced from Pakistan's own uranium resources. In May 1998, Pakistan conducted nuclear weapons tests in the desert of the Chagai Hills in response to Indian testing earlier that month. Five nuclear bombs were fired on 28 May and a sixth on 30 May. The Karāchi Export Processing Zone (EPZ), established in 1980, has attracted foreign capital investment in advanced technologies. Another EPZ has been proposed for Lahore. EPZ now include those for computer assembly and parts manufacture, television assembly, other electrical and electronic products, and engineering.

46. Q & A

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