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Quotes. "HE WHO ANGERS YOU CONQUERS YOU" -- ELIZABETH KENNY "NONVIOLENCE IS THE FIRST ARTICLE OFMY FAITH AND IT IS THE LAST ARTICLE OF MY CREED“ -- MAHATMA GANDHI "YOU CANNOT SIMULTANEOUSLY PREVENT AND PREPARE FOR WAR“ -- EINSTEIN

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  1. Quotes "HE WHO ANGERS YOU CONQUERS YOU" -- ELIZABETH KENNY "NONVIOLENCE IS THE FIRST ARTICLE OFMY FAITH AND IT IS THE LAST ARTICLE OF MY CREED“ -- MAHATMA GANDHI "YOU CANNOT SIMULTANEOUSLY PREVENT AND PREPARE FOR WAR“ -- EINSTEIN “ANGER IS NEVER WITHOUT A REASON, BUT SELDOM WITH A GOOD ONE" -- BENJAMIN FRANKLIN "IF YOU ARE PATIENT IN ONE MOMENT OF ANGER, YOU WILL ESCAPE 100 DAYS OF SORROW“ ‑‑CHINESE PROVERB

  2. Aggression/Violence --- Some Statistics • OVER 20,000 HOMICIDES AND 90,000 FORCIBLE RAPES/YEAR • OVER 1 MILLION CASES OF CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT PER YEAR • IF MARRIED, 1/3 CHANCE OF HUSBAND OR WIFE WILL HIT YOU • THE NUMBER OF WARS IN RECORDED HISTORY -- 14,531 OR 2.6 EVERY YEAR Definition AGGRESSION: BEHAVIOR AGAINST ANOTHER LIVING BEING THAT IS INTENDED TO HARM OF INJURE.

  3. Additional statistics (from the U.S. Department of Justice --- 2000) • Gender: • Males are most often the victims and the perpetrators in homicides • Males were 10 times more likely than females to commit murder • Race: • Blacks were 6 times more likely to be homicide victims and 7 times more likely than whites to commit homicides in 2000 Guns: For 1987-96, on average, 65% of homicides in the U.S. involved firearms, compared to 32% for Canada Juvenile homicides: In 1999, about 1,800 juveniles (a rate of 3.0 per 100,000) were victims of homicide in the United States. This rate is substantially higher than that of any other developed country.

  4. Columbine High School: 14 students and 1 teacher killed Depressed Mother Kills Her ChildrenJun. 21, 2001 (CBS)  Andrea Yates of Houston, Texas, a mother suffering from postpartum depression, went on a killing spree. The victims were none other than her own five children, all between 7 years and 6 months old. Los Angeles Dealing with Gang Murder Wave11/22/2002 Los Angeles, Calif., may be on its way to earning the title of murder capital of America as a result of a spasm of 14 homicides in the past five days, the Washington Post reported Nov. 20.

  5. What are some examples of violent behavior? What cultural factors influence the rate of crime?

  6. Men tend to favor the death penalty more than women; whites are much more apt to favor it than blacks; those with higher incomes are more likely to support it

  7. Some facts about the death penalty • 178 black people have been executed for killing a white person; 12 white people have been executed for killing a black person.     • The U.S. is one of only 6 countries in the world to sentence children to death. • In 2002, 81 percent of all known executions took place in China, Iran and the USA • 109 innocent men have been sentenced to death in the last 20 years. • Between 1973-200, 17 juvenile offenders have been executed in the U.S. On June 20, 2002 the Supreme Court issued a ruling, in Atkins v. Virginia, that it is a violation of the Eighth Amendment’s ban on cruel unusual punishment to execute death row inmates with mental retardation In 1989, the Court ruled in Penry v. Lynaugh ), in a 5-4 decision, that executing persons with mental retardation was not a violation of the Eighth Amendment. "Because the Illinois death penalty system is arbitrary and capricious - and therefore immoral - I no longer shall tinker with the machinery of death"Outgoing Illinois Gov. George Ryan Chicago, Jan. 11, 2003

  8. Executions by State (partial list) Texas 304 Virginia 88 Oklahoma 63 Missouri 60 Florida 56 Georgia 33 South Carolina 28 Alabama 27 Louisiana 27 Arkansas 24 North Carolina 23 Arizona 22 Delaware 13 Illinois 12 California 10 Indiana 10 Nevada 9 Ohio 7 Mississippi 6 Utah 6 Washington 4 Maryland 3 Nebraska 3 Pennsylvania 3 Total executions since 1976 = 855

  9. Crime on Television • WHAT TYPE OF CRIME MOST COMMON ON TV? • VIOLENT CRIME (HOMICIDE, ARMED ROBBERY, ASSAULT) • INFORMATION PRESENTED ON WHY CRIME WAS COMMITTED? • DISPOSITIONAL REASONS FOR CRIME (E.G., PATHOLOGY, GREED)- • [CRIMINALS NOT MORE EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED] • LITTLE BACKGROUND INFO ON CRIMINAL (EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS) • DEPICTION OF POLICE • (ILLUSION OF CERTAINTY) PERCEPTION OF ARREST = GUILTY • SMALL % OF INNOCENT PEOPLE ARRESTED ON TV • BEST PREDICTOR OF CRIME? • INCOME LEVELS BELOW THE POVERTY RATE

  10. “HEAVY” VERSUS “LIGHT” TV VIEWERS • HEAVY VIEWERS: • DISPOSITIONAL ATTRIBUTIONS FOR CRIME (ABNORMALITY) • B) DISCOUNT SITUATIONAL FACTORS ($, UNEMPLOYMENT) • C) UNABLE TO IDENTIFY CONSTITUTIONAL VIOLATIONS BY POLICE • IMPLICATIONS? • VOTING • B) JURY SELECTION (IMPLICIT PERSONALITY THEORIES) • C) LAWYERS (PLEA BARGIN--HOW JURY WILL RESPOND) • D) CHILDREN • E) PRISON REFORM

  11. Aggression Factors • BIOLOGY AND GENETICS • PHYSIOLOGY --- LIMBIC SYSTEM, HORMONES (TESTOSTERONE) • PAIN – DISCOMFORT (E.G., HEAT, FRUSTRATION, STRESS) • SOCIAL LEARNING --- MODELING (E.G., MEDIA INFLUENCE)

  12. Temperature and Aggression 24 20 16 12 8 4 0 # Riots 51-53 61-65 71-75 81-85 91-95 101-105 Temperature (Fahrenheit)

  13. Temperature and Aggression (cont.) Violent Crime Ratio 40 35 30 25 20 15 40-57 69-72 78-80 85-88 93-95 Temperature (Fahrenheit)

  14. Temperature and Aggression (cont.) .6 .5 .4 .3 HBP per game < 70 70-79 80-89 90 and above Temperature (Fahrenheit)

  15. Alcohol and Aggression Sober Shock intensity Intoxicated 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 Low aggressors High aggressors

  16. Neutral film Aggression Levels Violent film High Medium Low Low aggressors High aggressors

  17. Catharsis -- Venting, Discharging, Expressing One’s Emotions (e.g., hitting a punching bag, watching a violent movie or sport) Venting one’s emotions by displacing aggression, watching an aggressive film, or playing an aggressive video game can increase the likelihood of behaving violently.

  18. CHARACTERISTICS OF VIOLENT STIMULI • BEHAVIOR IS REWARDED • B) EXITING (EMOTIONALLY AROUSING) • C) REALISTIC • D) BEHAVIOR IS JUSTIFIED • E) BEHAVIOR IS NOT CRITISIZED • F) INTENT TO INJURE

  19. Association Between Aggressive Behavior and: • Media Violence (e.g., TV, Movies, Video Games) • Sports (e.g., Boxing) • War • Modeling Explanation -- • Publicity Effect • Victim Similarity • (i.e., race of loser) • War and Homicide Rates --- Pre and Post war rates • Dose of war • Labeling Issue

  20. Children’s shows Prime-time shows 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 % of characters Violent characters Victims of violence Perpetrators or victims of violence

  21. AGGRESSIVE CUES AND VIOLENCE TV SHOW VIOLENT (SWAT TEAM AND USE OF WALKIE-TALKIE) NEUTRAL INTERVIEW BEFORE HOCKEY GAME TAPE RECORDER WALKIE-TALKIE PLAYED IN HOCKEY GAME • THOSE WHO WATCHED THE VIOLENT TV SHOW AND WERE INTERVIEWED WITH A WALKIE-TALKIE (AGGRESSIVE CUE) BEHAVED MORE AGGRESSIVELY

  22. Violence Against Women --- Pornography HOW WOULD YOU DEFINE PORNOGRAPHY? (ANY EXAMPLES?)

  23. SUPREME COURT • EXPLICIT SEX • COMMUNITY STANDARDS • DOES NOT POSSESS REDEEMING SOCIAL VALUE

  24. Goya, FranciscoThe Nude Maja1800Oil on canvas97 x 190 cmMuseo del Prado, Madrid Ingres, Jean Auguste DominiqueThe Turkish Bath1862Oil on canvas on woodDiameter 42 1/2" (108 cm)Musee du Louvre, Paris

  25. Antonio Allegri, known as Correggio1489?-1534Venus, Satyr and Cupidc. 1525 Nude in the Sunlight, 1876, 81x64,5cm. Paris, Musee d'Orsay. Jean-Jacques, known as James Pradier1790-1852Satyr and BacchanteDated 1834Marble Michelangelo's statue of "David."

  26. SOME STATISTICS • HOW OFTEN HAVE YOU: "USED STRONG PHYSICAL FORCE TO TRY TO ENGAGE IN A SEX ACT AGAINST ANOTHER’S WILL", OR "USED VIOLENCETO TRY TO ENGAGE IN A SEX ACT AGAINST ANOTHER’S WILL"? • MALES = 12% FEMALES = 2% • B) HOW LIKELY WOULD YOU RAPE A WOMEN IF YOU WERE ABSOLUTELY SURE YOU WOULD NOT BE CAUGHT? (COLLEGE MEN) • 35% SOME POSSIBILITY (MALAMUTH, 1981) • C) 15% COLLEGE MEN REPORTED HAVING FORCED INTERCOURSE ONCE OR TWICE (RAPAPORT & BURKHART, 1984)

  27. Violence Against Women --- Pornography Greek definition – “writing about prostitutes” • Definition: EROTIC MATERIAL THAT COMBINES ELEMENTS OF SEXUALITY AND AGGRESSION, AND IN WHICH FORCE OR COERSION IS USED TO ACCOMPLISH THE SEXUAL ACT • Film Type: • Sexually explicit (e.g., X-rated) • Violence (e.g., murder, assault) • “Teen sex” films • Neutral Effects on: Aggressive behavior and attitudes towards women (e.g., mock rape trial)

  28. PARTICIPANTS VIEWED 1 FILM PER DAY FOR FIVE DAYS, THEN SERVED AS JURORS IN A MOCK RAPE TRIAL RESULTS: ATTITUDES – FEMALES AS: A) MORE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ATTACK B) PUTTING FORTH LESS RESISTANCE C) BEING INJURED LESS SEVERELY D) LESS SYMPATHETIC REACTIONS TO FILMS: A) LESS OFFENSIVE B) LESS VIOLENT C) GREATER ENJOYMENT D) LESS ANXIETY Desensitization

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