Using quotations properly or

1. Using quotations properlyor How to “lace” your quotes

2. To wear sneakers comfortably, you need to lace them. Well, you also have to “lace” a quotation to properly tie it into your paragraph.

3. Your Cited Information Can Be… • A direct quote—information someone has said OR written (facts from source) • A paraphrase—something from a source you have put into your own words and sentence structure (facts from source)

4. Common Knowledge • You will not need to cite common knowledge. Common knowledge is any piece of information that can be found in 5 sources.

5. Common Knowledge Example • The Great Depression began at the end of 1929. • This information, although valuable, can be easily found in at least five sources. I do not need to use parenthetical documentation.

6. Here is an example of what you want to avoid – a “dropped” quotation: • “ Unemployment had risen dramatically, growing from 4.35 million in 1931 to 6 million by the winter of 1932” (Spielvogel 549). Germany’s economic difficulties were a main reason for why the Nazis were able to rise to power.

7. You want to integrate the quotation into the paragraph rather than just “drop” it in and refer to it. To blend the quotation into your text, you should “lace” it this way: • L - lead in • A - add • C - cite • E - explain

8. Lead in and AddHere is an example of how to introduce a quotation (lead in & add): Adolf Hitler was a leader that inspired people to follow his plan for Germany through his inspirational speeches and vision. “His (Hitler) appeals to national pride, national honor, and traditional militarism struck an emotional chord in his listeners”

9. Cite and Explain: • Adolf Hitler was a leader that inspired people to follow his plan for Germany through his inspirational speeches and vision. “His (Hitler) appeals to national pride, national honor, and traditional militarism struck an emotional chord in his listeners” (Spielvogel 549). This led to a strong sense of nationalism among Germany’s population. They believed that Hitler’s vision would make Germany a better place for all of them.

10. Cite and Explain • Reminder… When you cite a source, be sure to do it properly. “I love the CBA” (Greenup online)! **You save your punctuation for the end of the parenthetical documentation.**

11. This approach will seamlessly blend the quotation into the paragraph rather than have it stick out like a foreign object. The goal is to achieve a FLOW.

12. “Lacing” quotations also applies to short quotes. • (L)In December of 1922, Lenin predicted a split between Trotsky and Stalin in his testament and strongly advised removing Stalin from the position of general secretary (A) “to prevent a power struggle” (Spielvogel 545).(C) Two years later the bitter struggle between these two leaders began with the death of Lenin. (E)

13. LACEing Also Applies to Paraphrased Material • (L) Though products were in great supply, people had bought as much as they could afford to buy. How to resolve this and keep the economy rolling? Installment credit! (A) Between 1925 and 1929 the total amount of outstanding installment credit more than doubled from $1.38 billion to around $3 billion (C)(McElvaine 4). (E) Eventually, people were using their wages to pay off the debt that they had incurred.

14. LACEing Primary Sources • In order for us to know your source actually IS a primary source, we need to know who said it, when they said it and where they said it.

15. LACEing Primary Sources: The Beginning… • Your bibliography looks like: Clare, John. “Treaty of Versailles” and “Road to WWII.” Greenfield History Site. 12 Feb. 2009. Modern World History GCSE. 20 March 2009. http://www.johndclare.net/index.htm • Your notes look like: “Germany is going to pay. We will get everything you can squeeze out of a lemon, and a bit more. The Germans should hand over everything they own.” -From a speech in 1918 by Sir Eric Geddes, a British politician standing for election as an MP

16. LACEing Primary Sources: In Your Essay… • (L) Sir Eric Geddes, a British politician, announced in his 1918 speech that (A) “Germany is going to pay. We will get everything you can squeeze out of a lemon, and a bit more. The Germans should hand over everything they own” (C) (Clare online). (E) This was the attitude of not only the British, but of many other leaders as well.

17. Choosing quotations • Another tip to keep in mind is that you should only use significant quotations. • Using a quote such as,… Mama said, ‘You’ll have to be careful.’ is not of any value because it just points to a trivial comment. • Make sure your quotation connects directly to the topic of your paragraph, which in turn connects to your thesis.

18. One More Thing… • When you have two sources with same author or title… • “Russian Revolution: 1917-1921.” World Book Encyclopedia. 2007. • “Russian Revolution: The Causes.” Compton’s Encyclopedia. 2004. • How do you organize the parenthetical documentation???

19. One More Thing… • You write until the entries are different. • Example: (“Russian Revolution: 1917…” 426). (“Russian Revolution: The…” 396).

20. In summary, remember to L.A.C.E. your quotations, so you will have a paragraph that is tied together.