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Common Ovine and Caprine Diseases Dr. Dipa Brahmbhatt VMD, MPH, MS

Chapter 17. Common Ovine and Caprine Diseases Dr. Dipa Brahmbhatt VMD, MPH, MS. Objectives. clinical signs associated with specific diseases. etiology of the diseases. common treatments for disease. common and scientific names of parasites associated with this species. vaccinations.

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Common Ovine and Caprine Diseases Dr. Dipa Brahmbhatt VMD, MPH, MS

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  1. Chapter 17 Common Ovine and Caprine Diseases Dr. Dipa Brahmbhatt VMD, MPH, MS

  2. Objectives clinical signs associated with specific diseases. etiology of the diseases. common treatments for disease. common and scientific names of parasites associated with this species. vaccinations

  3. Reading Assignment Chapter 17: Common Ovine and Caprine Diseases Know table 17 -1: Diseases which can be prevented with vaccines

  4. Key terms • Abortion • AGID • Blepharospasm • Conjunctiva • Coronary Band • ELISA • Epididymitis • Epiphora • Lochia • Microphthalmia • Opisthotonus • Phthisis Bulbi; shrinkage eyeball • Prion • Prolapse Ring • Retractor Bulbi muscles • Serovar • Stillbirth • Tetraplegia

  5. Previously covered disease • Anthrax • Botulism • Black leg • Foot rot • Leptospirosis • Listeriosis • Malignant Edema • Pinkeye • Johne’s disease • Tetanus • Foot and Mouth Disease • Rabies • Freemartin • Milk Fever • Retained Placenta • Pregnancy toxemia/ ketosis

  6. Paratuberculosis (Johne’s Disease) Previously covered disease.

  7. Urinary Calculi Previously covered disease.

  8. Prolapse Previously covered disease.

  9. Prolapse (cont’d)

  10. Prolapse (cont’d)

  11. BACTERIAL DISEASES

  12. Tetanus Previously covered disease.

  13. Big Head • Causative agent: Clostridium novyi, C. sordellii, or C. chauvoei (black leg) • Clinical signs (sheep): Head butting and fighting causes bruising or laceration and edematous swelling. • Diagnosis: Clinical signs • Treatment: Penicillin, broad spectrum antibiotics • Prevention: Vaccinate 7/8 way - ewe 1 month before lambing, lamb: 1 month and 2-4 weeks later booster

  14. Black Disease Causative agent: Clostridium novyi Type B (soil) Transmission: ingestion of spores, flukes predispose them to black disease Clinical signs: Often found dead (endotoxins); respiratory distress, anorexia, and fever Diagnosis: Necropsy and culture/ gram stain - liver Hemorrhage of SQ vessels, sub epicardial hemorrhage, kidney/liver - autolysis Treatment: Tetracycline Control: trematodes e.g. albendazole

  15. Black disease. Dark brown swollen liver showing necrotic areas (1–2 cm) in diameter surrounded by a zone of hyperaemia Courtesy of FAO

  16. Brucellosis Causative agent: Brucella ovis and B. melitensis (rare: abortion) in sheep; Brucella melitensis and B. abortus (ZOONOTIC)in goats. Gram – coccobacillus Malta fever in humans Transmission: sheep - veneral and goats – ingestion of contaminated food, direct contact: urine, feces, placenta, milk Clinical signs: Sheep: Abortion (rare), epididymitis, goats: abortion storms, lameness, mastitis, diarrhea, and depression Diagnosis: Agglutination tests or complement fixation Treatment: None

  17. Caseous Lymphadenitis • Causative agent: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis : gram + coccoid • Transmission: direct contact with superficial wounds, ingestion, inhalation • Clinical signs: Dyspnea, tachypnea, cough, and weight loss • Diagnosis: Culture from TTW, radiographs, necropsy (hepatic abscess) • Treatment: Isolation, hygiene and vaccine?

  18. Caseous Lymphadenitis (cont’d)

  19. Caseous Lymphadenitis (cont’d)

  20. Chlamydophilosis – Enzootic abortion ewes (EAE) Causative agent: Chlamydia psittaci (zoonotic) – gram - Transmission:Direct contact: uterine discharge, fetus, placenta; veneral (rams are carriers) Clinical signs: Abortion (#1 cause in goats): last trimester, weak or stillborn lambs, pneumonia, KCS, epididymitis, and polyarthritis Diagnosis: ELISA, fluorescent antibody staining, and culture isolation Treatment: Oxytetracycline; females that have aborted should be isolated; fetal tissue or placenta should be burned or buried; and management Prevention: vaccine (prevent abortions)

  21. Clostridium Perfringens Causative agent: Clostridium perfringens(normal flora GI sheep) Clinical signs: Type A: diarrhea – neonates. Type B (lamb dysentery: endotoxin): acute bloody diarrhea – young lambs > high mortality. Type C (lamb dysentery: endotoxin): diarrhea in lambs < 3 wks. And in adults – “struck”. Type D: feedlot lambs – high concentrate, eat excessive feed/ milk. Diarrhea (sheep can die w/o diarrhea in goats diarrhea than die), incoordination, excitement, circling, head pressing, convulsions and sudden death

  22. Clostridium Perfringens Diagnosis: Clinical signs or necropsy Treatment: Penicillin and vaccinate with antitoxin in outbreak Prevention: vaccination, parasite control, gradual feed changes

  23. Joint ill Causative agent: Kids, Staphylococci, streptococci,Corynebacterium spp., Actinomyces, and coliform bacteria Transmission: breaks in skin, umbilical cord, GI, respiratory tract Clinical signs: Warm, painful, swollen joints, lameness, fever, umbilical cord abcessation, and leukocytosis with left shift Diagnosis: Clinical signs Treatment: Penicillin's and joint flushing (saline) Prevention: avoid overcrowding and hygiene at partiurition, dipping umbilical cord

  24. Vibriosis Causative agent: Campylobacter jejuni and C. fetus, gram – rod Transmission:ingestion of organisms (intestines of sheep, birds, dogs) Clinical signs: Late-term abortion (#1 – sheep), stillbirths, and weak lambs Diagnosis: Culture Treatment: Antibiotics and vaccination

  25. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) - Scrapie Causative agent: Prion Transmission??: Suffolk. Infected at birth. Genetics. (environment) and show c.s. at 3.5 years. Clinical signs: Wool or hair loss, ataxia, weight loss, starring, aggressiveness, floppy ears, tremors, seizures, inability to swallow, and death. Chronic and degenerative Diagnosis: Finding prion protein with immunostaining of lymphoid tissue in 3rd eyelid Treatment: None REPORTABLE, eradication program

  26. OTHER DISEASES

  27. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) - Scrapie

  28. Toxoplasma Causative agent: Toxoplasma gondii Clinical signs: Fetal death, abortion, embryonic death, stillbirth, and weak nonviable neonates Diagnosis: Serologic tests Treatment: Prevent cat access to sheep areas

  29. VIRAL DISEASES

  30. Bluetongue Causative agent: genus: Orbivirus; Family: Reoviridae Transmission: Culicoides gnat/midge, cattle are reservoirs Clinical signs: Ulcerations on the mouth or nose, lame, fever, and abortion, neonate - hydroencephaly Diagnosis: Viral isolation Treatment: Insect control, vaccine REPORTABLE

  31. Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis Causative agent: Retroviral (similar to ovine progressive pneumoniae) Transmission: fomites (needles), colostrum Clinical signs: Neurologic: kids 1-4 months: tetraplegia, ataxia, blindness, head tilt, facial paralysis, opisthotonus, generalized paresis Arthritic Mastitis

  32. Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis • Diagnosis: AGID (test for CAE antibody), CS, and necropsy • Treatment: None • Prevention: cull, colostrum heated 1 hour at 56⁰ C

  33. Contagious Ecthyma • contagious viral pustular dermatitis – orf – sore mouth – contagious pustular dermatitis – cutaneous pustular dermatitis, scabby mouth • Etiology: Family poxviridae and genus: Parapoxvirus • Transmission: direct/ indirect with environment Immunity and counter-immunity during infection with the parapoxvirus orf virus: David M Haig, , Colin J McInnes, 2002

  34. Contagious Ecthyma • Clinical signs: Lesions in oral cavity, eyelids, feet, and teats; lameness, anorexia, dehydration, malnutrition, secondary bacterial infections • Diagnosis: Clinical signs • Treatment: Secondary bacterial infections and supportive • Prevention:

  35. Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Causative agent: Retroviridae family Transmission: milk and colostrum Clinical signs: Coughing, bronchial exudates, anorexia, fever, depression, encephalitis, and mastitis Diagnosis: Necropsy, ELISA, AGID, and virus isolation Treatment: None Prevention: culling

  36. Author: Angie Warner, D.V.M.,D.Sc. Description:This slide shows gross lung tissue from a sheep with ovine progressive pnemonia (OPP). This is an example of a multifocal pulmonary disease that may be diagnosed by lung biopsy.

  37. Noninfectious Diseases

  38. Entropion Causative agent: Congenital, trauma, severe dehydration, weight loss, and painful ocular conditions Most common ocular disease in neonatal lambs Bilateral and lower lids

  39. Entropion Clinical signs: Blepharospasm, photophobia, epiphora, keratoconjunctivitis, and eye rubbing Diagnosis: Clinical signs Treatment: Surgical and Penicillin, topical atropine, topical antibiotics

  40. Hereditary Chondrodysplasia – spider lamb syndrome • Causative agent: Inheritable • Clinical signs: Skeletal defects primarily seen in Suffolk or Hampshire breeds • Lambs show clinical signs at 6 weeks of age • Longer legs • Chondrodysplasia: skull, sternum, vertebrae

  41. Hereditary Chondrodysplasia (cont’d)

  42. Metritis Causative agent: Clostridium spp. After dystocia, retained placenta Clinical signs: Vaginal discharge – malodorous brownish-red watery Diagnosis: Clinical signs Treatment: Prostaglandins and oxytocin

  43. References • http://www.pipevet.com/content/Photosensitization.asp • http://www.arkanimalcare.com/sites/default/files/InfoFiles/SheepGoat/Disease%20of%20Sheep_Goats.pdf • http://www.vet.k-state.edu/depts/vhc/agpract/articles/Caseous_Lymph.pdf • http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0756e/T0756E06.htm#ch5.3.2 • ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/publications/mmwr/rr/rr4908.pdf • http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/50713.htm • http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/scrapie/downloads/fs_ahscrapie.pdf • K Holtgrew-Bohling , Large Animal Clinical Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 2nd Edition, Mosby, 2012, ISBN: 97803223077323

  44. References • http://ohioline.osu.edu/vme-fact/0004.html • http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/bluetongue.pdf • http://www.uwyo.edu/vetsci/courses/patb_4110/3-28/class_notes.htm • Immunity and counter-immunity during infection with the parapoxvirus orf virus • David M Haig, , • Colin J McInnes

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