Stem cells and Cancer Cells

1. Stem cells and Cancer Cells

2. I. Stem cells Adult stem cells: unipotent Embryonic development • Germ layers: • ectoderm • mesoderm • endoderm Tissues without adult stem cells?

3. Stem cell research Adult stem cell research Embryo stem cell research

4. Stem cell potential Incompatibility, ethics, and the law Adult cell cloning

5. IVF/ PGD and stem cell research

6. Questions How does the ‘PGD technique’ circumvent the ethical issues surrounding the use of embryos in stem cell research? a. it doesn’t b. embryos are not used in any way for this technique c. embryos are not destroyed d. only dead embryos are used • What is the advantage of using embryonic stem cells over other • types of stems cells? • They divide more quickly • There is less controversy in using them • They are easier to work with • They are more versatile

7. Questions • Even with tissues derived from embryonic stem cells, patients still • face the problem of tissue incompatibility. What is one way this could • be overcome? • Use tissues derived from modified PGD • Use tissues derived from adult stem cells • Use tissues derived from cloned embryos • What is the current federal law regarding embryonic stem cell • research? • There are no restrictions • Federal funding is allowed only for research on existing lines • All embryonic stem cell research is illegal • Embryonic stem cell research is allowed on defective embryos • only

8. Questions • Which of the following is derived from ectoderm? • Bone • Red blood cells • Brain • Liver • Which of the following is a correct statement about pluripotent stem cells? • They have the ability to turn into any type of cell or tissue • They are limited in being able to turn into the tissue from which they are derived • c. They are derived from the morula • d. They have the ability to turn into any type of germ layer tissue

9. II. Cancer: a problem in mitosis (usually stem cells) A. Two types of tumors (neoplasms) B. Cancer cell anatomy and physiology 1. differentiation 2. shape 3. embryonic proliferation 4. non-programmed cell death C. Genes and cancer 1. oncogenes 2. tumor suppressing genes 3. telomerase

10. A. Two types of tumors (neoplasms) An inappropriate proliferation of cells Neoplasms: two types benign malignant Metastasis

11. B. Cancer cell anatomy and physiology 1. differentiation 2. shape 3. proliferation 4. Non-programmed cell death: telomerase

12. Telomeres and telomerase TTAGGG repeats Cells with telomerase: Early embryo cells Stem cells Cancer cells

13. C. Genes and cancer Stem cells, cancer, and aging Ink4 1. oncogenes 2. tumor suppressing genes (p53) 3. Telomerase genes Progression of cancer

14. Questions • What is the problem with enhancing the activity of Ink4? • Increased risk of cancer • Speeding up of the aging process • Both a and b • Neither a or b • What are oncogenes? • Genes that regulate cell division • Genes that suppress tumors • Genes that reestablish telomeres • Mutated proto-oncogenes If you live long enough, you will likely get cancer. a. True b. False

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