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Antebellum Reform Movements

Antebellum Reform Movements. Main impulses Faith in human nature Goodness of the individual Desire for order and control Desire to remake society Religious/moral impulses. Romanticism Transcendentalists Utopian Societies Second Great Awakening Temperance Crusade Feminism Abolitionism.

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Antebellum Reform Movements

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  1. Antebellum Reform Movements

  2. Main impulses Faith in human nature Goodness of the individual Desire for order and control Desire to remake society Religious/moral impulses Romanticism Transcendentalists Utopian Societies Second Great Awakening Temperance Crusade Feminism Abolitionism Reform=Change for Improvement

  3. Second Great Awakening • Similar to First Great Awakening: • Revival MeetingsCamps • New Religious Sects Baptists and Methodists • Revivals increase popularity of reform movements

  4. Emotional Sermons Increased the amount of people participating in churches (particularly women) Abolition and Temperance movement are directly linked to 2nd Great Awakening • Spread Christian ideas of equality and morality.

  5. Romanticism • The Nostalgic (sympathetic fondness) interpretation of the historic PAST • Individual REBELLION • Subjects from MYTH and FOLKLORE • Glorification of NATURE, faraway settings • Emotion-SENTIMENTALISM = Nobility of the uncivilized man and simple life • Spiritual (GOTHIC themes – supernatural, mysterious)

  6. Romanticism in Painting Church • Hudson River School (NY) • First Natural Landscapes • Power of Nature • Sublime (feeling of awe, feeling of wonderment) • Grandeur of Nature • Nature offers promise • Sense of Nostalgia in nature

  7. Fredric ChurchThomas ColeThomas DoughtyAsher Durand

  8. Romanticism in Literature • Walt Whitman -Poet of American Democracy” • NYC • Celebrated Democracy • Spirit of the Individual • Liberation of individual • Pleasures of the Flesh • American Spirit • Emotional and Physical Release • Personal fulfillment • Homosexual

  9. I Hear America Singing • Walt Whitman, 1819 - 1892 • I hear America singing, the varied carols I hear, • Those of mechanics, each one singing his as it should be blithe • and strong, • The carpenter singing his as he measures his plank or beam, • The mason singing his as he makes ready for work, or leaves off • work, • The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat, the • deckhand singing on the steamboat deck, • The shoemaker singing as he sits on his bench, the hatter singing • as he stands, • The wood-cutter’s song, the ploughboy’s on his way in the • morning, or at noon intermission or at sundown, • The delicious singing of the mother, or of the young wife at • work, or of the girl sewing or washing, • Each singing what belongs to him or her and to none else, • The day what belongs to the day—at night the party of young • fellows, robust, friendly, • Singing with open mouths their strong melodious songs.

  10. Romanticism in Literature Poe exposes… “the underside of the American dream of the self-made man and showed the price of materialism and excessive competition -- loneliness, alienation, and images of death-in-life.” • Edgar Allen Poe • Poems and stories • Sad and Macabre • 1845 the Raven • Theme of individuals rising above to see deeper world of spirit and emotion

  11. Transcendentalists • Emerges out of Romanticism • New England • Reaction against traditional Logic and Enlightenment- non-conformist values • Independent thinking • Referred to reason as the ability to grasp beauty and truth through--- •  Instinct and Emotion • (the highest human faculties)

  12. Transcendentalists and Nature • Nature was the source of deep Human inspiration • Helps individuals see truth within their souls • Genuine Spirituality comes through communion with nature

  13. R.W. Emerson Essay “Nature” 1836 • In the quest for Self-Fulfillment • Individuals should work for Communion with Nature • “In the woods, we return to reason and faith… Standing on the bare ground my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, all mean egotism vanishes… I am part and particle of God.”

  14. Utopian Societies • Utopian movements are radical manifestations of the reform impulse. • They have the common vision to remake society in a “more perfect way” • Communal characteristics • Separate from mainstream society • Cooperative

  15. Oneida Community 1848 NY John Humphrey Noyes Rejected traditional family and marriage values All residents were married to all other residents No permanent conjugal ties Children raised communally Oneida Community

  16. Mormons • Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS) • Joseph Smith (prophet for Mormons) • 1830s Book of Mormon • Translation of set of Golden Tablets • Ancient Civilization in America (one of lost tribes of Israel)

  17. Joseph Smith Brigham Young

  18. Temperance= Movement Against Alcohol • Religious based Social Reform Movement • “The church must take… on subject of Temperance, the moral reform, all the subjects of practical morality.” • Crime, disorder, poverty caused by alcoholism • Drinking was especially a problem for Women- husband abuse them, and kids, and drink the money.

  19. Temperance (Really good link) • 1826 American Society for the Promotion of Temperance • Preached abstinence • Large meetings • Women’s Christian Temperance Union 1878 • Anti-Saloon League 1880s • Eventually, under Progressives, will lead to prohibition of Alcohol 18th Amendment to the Constitution last 1920-1933.

  20. Education • Public Education not widely established • Some progress in Massachusetts • To create a stable social values=conformity • Horace Mann is the leader

  21. Education • “An educated electorate is essential to the working of a free Political system.” • Education “only way to counter…the tendency to domination of capital and servility of labor.” • Advocated protestant values- thrift, order, discipline, punctuality, respect for authority • Built Public Schools

  22. Asylum and Prison Reforms • Rehabilitation is the key • Asylum=mental health • Prison= criminals • Rise of the Penitentiary • “A place to cultivate penitence” -Through discipline Problem- Mentally ill and criminals kept in terrible conditions Reform is key • Dorothea Dix- mental health reformer

  23. Feminism • Women were active in reform and Revival- 2nd Great Awakening • Temperance • Abolition • Many women begin to call for women’s rights • “Men and women were created equal. They are both moral and accountable beings and whatever is right for man to do is right for women to do.”

  24. Women’s Rights Movement • Lucretia Mott • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Susan B. Anthony • Strong connection between Women’s Rights and Abolition movement

  25. Seneca Falls Convention 1848 (link) • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Susan B. Anthony • Lucretia Mott • Fredrick Douglass • Declaration of Sentiments • Emulated Declaration of Independence

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