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Understanding the Cardiovascular System: Anatomy, Physiology, and Circulation

Explore the intricate workings of the cardiovascular system, from the heart's anatomy and physiology to blood circulation dynamics. Learn about cardiac output, heart sounds, blood pressure regulation, and factors influencing circulation. Gain insights into conditions like myocardial infarction and hypertension.

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Understanding the Cardiovascular System: Anatomy, Physiology, and Circulation

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Cardiovascular system • System • Pulmonary-blood to and from lungs • Systemic-blood to and from body • Coronary-blood to and from heart muscle • Vessels • Arteries (efferent)-carry blood away from the heart • Veins (afferent)-carry blood to the heart • Capillaries-exchange gas and nutrients from blood to tissue, inbetween arteries and veins

  2. Anatomy of Heart • Myocardium-cardiac (Heart) muscle • Left Ventricle-pumps blood to systemic system • Right Ventricle-pumps blood to pulmonary system • Left Atrium-collects blood from pulmonary system • Right atrium- collects blood from systemic system • Flow of blood • Both atriums drop blood into corresponding ventricle • Left ventriclebodyright atriumright ventriclelungsleft atriumleft ventriclebody

  3. Physiology of heart • Heart beats about 75 times per minute • Intrinsic conduction system • Node cells- determine rate of contraction • Sinoatrial node (SA node)-pacemaker, pass signal to AV node • Atrioventricular node (AV)-between atrium and ventricals, delays signal then contracts Ventricle

  4. Fibrillation-uncoordinated shuddering of heart • Myocardial Infarction-heart attack due to blockage of coronary system • Cardiac output-amount of blood pumped by each side of heart in one minute • Heart rate X stroke volume (amount of blood pumped by ventricle per contraction) • 75 beats/min X 70 ml/beat =5250 ml/mi • Starling’s law • Critical to stretch heart muscles • Stretch heart muscle by venous return • Slow heart beat (more time to fill ventricles) • Exercise (speed up venous return) • Sympathetic Nervous system-speeds up heart beat • Parasympathetic-slow heart beat

  5. Heart sounds • Systole-contraction of ventricles • Diastole- relaxation of ventricles • Lubb-closing of AV valves • Dubb-closing of semilunar valves • Murmers-unusual heart sound (swishing), due to improper closing of valve

  6. Physiology of Circulation • Pulse-expansion and recoil of artery following contraction • Blood pressure-pressure exerted on walls of vessels (120/80) • Systolic pressure-pressure at peak of contraction (120) • Diastolic pressure-pressure when ventricles relax (expanded) • Change in blood pressure • increased cardiac output

  7. Peripheral resistance-amount of friction encountered by blood as it flows through vessels • Constricting of vessels • Increased blood viscosity • Age, weight, time of day, body position, emotional state, drugs, food. • Neural factors-sympathetic nervous system, vasoconstriction (bleeding) increase BP due to bleeding • Renal Factors (kidneys)-retain water, increase BP, Renin-enzyme that controls sodium in blood, which is followed by water

  8. Temperature-cold is vasoconstrictor • Chemicals • Epinephrine-increases heart rate • Nicotine-vasoconstrictor • Alcohol-vasodilator • Histamine-vasodilator • Diet-diets low in salts, fats, cholesterol, prevent high blood pressure • Hypotension-low blood pressure • Systolic below 100mm Hg, associated with healthy life style • Hypertension-high blood pressure • 140/90

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