1 / 32

Unit 7: Bloodborne Pathogens, Universal Precautions, and Wound Care

Unit 7: Bloodborne Pathogens, Universal Precautions, and Wound Care. Healthcare facility must be maintained as clean and sterile to prevent spread of disease and infection Must take precautions to minimize risk

rod
Télécharger la présentation

Unit 7: Bloodborne Pathogens, Universal Precautions, and Wound Care

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Unit 7: BloodbornePathogens, Universal Precautions, and Wound Care

  2. Healthcare facility must be maintained as clean and sterile to prevent spread of disease and infection • Must take precautions to minimize risk • Coaches must be aware of potential dangers associated with exposure to blood or other infectious materials • Must take whatever measures to prevent contamination

  3. Bloodborne Pathogens • Pathogenic organisms, present in human blood and other fluids (cerebrospinal fluid, semen, vaginal secretion, and synovial fluid), can potentially cause disease • Most significant pathogens are HBV and HIV • Others that exist are hepatitis A, C, D, and syphilis

  4. Hepatitis B • Major cause of viral infection, resulting in swelling, soreness, loss of normal liver function • Signs and symptoms • Flu-like symptoms include fatigue, weakness, nausea, abdominal pain, headache, fever, and possibly jaundice • Possible that individual will not exhibit signs and symptoms -- antigen always present • Can be unknowingly transferred

  5. May test positive for antigen w/in 2-6 weeks of symptom development • 85% recover within 6-8 weeks • Prevention • Good personal hygiene and avoiding high risk activities • Proceed with caution as HBV can survive in blood and fluids, in dried blood, and on contaminated surfaces for at least 1 week • Vaccination against HBV should be provided by employer to those who may be exposed • Athletic trainers and allied health professionals should be vaccinated

  6. Prevention (cont.) • Three dose vaccination over 6 months • Post-exposure vaccination is also available after coming into contact with blood or fluids

  7. Human Immunodeficiency Virus • A retrovirus that combines with host cell • Virus that has potential to destroy immune system • According to World Health Organization, 42 million people were living with HIV/AIDS in 2002

  8. Symptoms and Signs • Transmitted by infected blood or other fluids • Fatigue, weight loss, muscle or joint pain, painful or swollen glands, night sweats and fever • Antibodies can be detected in blood tests within 1 year of exposure • May go for 8-10 years before signs and symptoms develop • Most that acquire HIV will develop acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

  9. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) • Collection of signs and symptoms that are recognized as the effects of an infection • No protection against the simplest infection • Positive test for HIV cannot predict when the individual will show symptoms of AIDS • After contracting AIDS, people generally die w/in 2 years of symptoms developing

  10. Management • No vaccine for HIV; no cure even though drug therapy is available • Research looking for preventive vaccine and effective treatment • Most effective drug combination • Antiviral drug cocktail • Slows replication of virus, improving prospects for survival

  11. Prevention • Greatest risk is through intimate sexual contact with infected partner • Choose non-promiscuous sex partners and use condoms for vaginal or anal intercourse • Latex condom provides barrier against HBV and HIV • Condoms with reservoir tip reduces chance of ejaculate being released from sides • Water-based, greaseless spermicides or lubricants should be avoided • If condom breaks, vaginal spermicide should be used immediately • Condom should be carefully removed and discarded

  12. Bloodborne Pathogens in Athletics • Chance of transmitting HIV among athletes is low • Minimal risk of on-field transmission • Some sports have potentially higher risk for transmission because of close contact and exposure to bodily fluids • Martial arts, wrestling, boxing

  13. Policy Regulation • Athletes are subject to procedures and policies relative to transmission of bloodborne pathogen • A number of sport professional organizations have established policies to prevent transmission • Organizations have also developed educational programs concerning prevention, and medical assistance

  14. Institutions should take responsibility to educate student athletes • At high school level, parents should also be educated • Make athletes aware that greatest risk is involved in off-field activities • Athletic trainer should take responsibility of educating and informing student athletic trainers of exposure and control policies • Institutions should implement policies concerning bloodborne pathogens • Follow universal precautions mandated by OSHA

  15. HIV and Athletic Participation • No definitive answer as to whether asymptomatic HIV carriers should participate in sport • Bodily fluid contact should be avoided • Avoid exhaustive exercise that may lead to susceptibility to infection • American with Disabilities Act says athletes infected cannot be discriminated against and may only be excluded with medically sound basis • Must be based on objective medical evidence and must take into consideration risk to patient and other participants, and means to reduce risk

  16. Testing Athletes for HIV • Should not be used as screening tool • Mandatory testing may not be allowed due to legal reasons • Testing should be secondary to education • Athletes engaged in risky behavior should undergo voluntary anonymous testing for HIV • Multiple tests are available to test for antibodies for HIV proteins

  17. Detectable antibodies may appear from 3 month to 1 year following exposure • Testing should occur at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 1 year • Many states have enacted laws that protect confidentiality of HIV infected person • Athletic trainer should be familiar with state laws, and maintain confidentiality and anonymity of testing

  18. Universal Precautions in Athletic Environment • OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) established standards for employer to follow that govern occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens • Developed to protect healthcare provider and patient • All sports programs should have exposure control plan • Include counseling, education, volunteer testing, and management of bodily fluids

  19. Preparing the Athlete • Prior to participation, all open wounds and lesions should be covered with dressing that will not allow for transmission • Occlusive dressing lessens chance of cross-contamination • Hyrdrocolloid dressing is considered a superior barrier • Reduces chance that wound will reopen, as wound stays moist and pliable • When Bleeding Occurs • Athletes with active bleeding must be removed from participation and returned when deemed safe • Bloody uniform must be removed or cleaned to remove infectivity

  20. Personal Precautions • Those in direct contact must use appropriate equipment including • Latex gloves, gowns, aprons, masks and shields, eye protection, disposable mouthpieces for resuscitation • Emergency kits should contain, gloves, resuscitation masks, and towelettes for cleaning skin surfaces • Doubling gloves is suggested with severe bleeding and use of sharp instruments • Extreme care must be used with glove removal • Hands and skin surfaces coming into contact with blood and fluids should be washed immediately with soap and water (antigermicidal agent) • Hands should be washed between patients

  21. Availability of Supplies and Equipment • Must also have chlorine bleach, antiseptics, proper receptacles for soiled equipment and uniforms, wound care equipment, and sharps container • Biohazard warning labels should be affixed to containers for regulated waste, refrigerators containing blood and containers used to ship potentially infectious material • Labels are fluorescent orange or red • Red bags or containers should be used for potentially infectious material

  22. Disinfectant • Contaminated surfaces should be clean immediately with solution of 1:10 ratio approved disinfectant to water • Should inactivate HIV • Contaminated towels should be bagged, labeled, and separated from other soiled laundry, then transported in biohazard container • Wash in hot water (159.8 degrees F for 25 minutes) • Laundry done outside institution should be OSHA-certified • Sharps • Needles, razorblades, and scalpels • Use extreme care in handling and disposing all sharps • Do not recap, bend needles, or remove from syringe • Scissors and tweezers should be sterilized and disinfected regularly

  23. Protecting the Coach and Athletic Trainer • OSHA guidelines are designed to protect coaches, athletic trainers, and other employees. • Coaches generally do not come into contact with blood and therefore risk is greatly reduced • Responsibility of institution to protect athletic trainer • Provide necessary supplies and education • Athletic trainer and coach have personal responsibility to follow guidelines

  24. Protecting the Athlete From Exposure • Use mouthpieces in high-risk sports • Shower immediately after practice or competition • Athletes exposed to HIV or HBV should be evaluated and immunized against HBV

  25. Post-exposure Procedures • Athletic trainer should have confidential medical evaluation that documents exposure route, identification of source/individual, blood test, counseling and evaluation of reported illness • Laws that pertain to reporting and notification of results relative to confidentiality vary from state to state

  26. Caring for Skin Wounds • Skin wounds are extremely common in sports • Soft pliable nature of skin makes it susceptible to injury • Numerous mechanical forces can result in trauma • Friction, scrapping, pressure, tearing, cutting and penetration

  27. Immediate Care • Should be cared for immediately • All wounds should be treated as though they have been contaminated with microorganisms • To minimize infection, clean wound with copious amounts of soap, water, and sterile solution • Avoid hydrogen peroxide and bacterial solutions initially

  28. Dressing • Sterile dressing should be applied to keep wound clean • Occlusive dressings are extremely effective in minimizing scarring • Antibacterial ointments are effective in limiting bacterial growth and preventing wound from sticking to dressing • Utilization of hydrogen peroxide can occur several times daily before reapplication of ointment

  29. Are sutures necessary? • Deep lacerations, incisions, and occasionally punctures will require some form of manual closure • Decision should be made by a physician • Sutures should be used within 12 hours • Area of injury and limitations of blood supply for healing will determine materials used for closure • Physician may decide wound does not require sutures and utilize steri-strips or butterfly bandages

  30. Signs of Wound Infection • Same as those for inflammation • Pain • Heat • Redness • Swelling • Disordered function • Pus may form due to accumulation of WBC’s • Fever may develop as immune system fights bacterial infection

  31. Tetanus • Bacterial infection that may cause fever and convulsions and possibly tonic skeletal muscle spasm for non-immunized athletes • Tetanus bacillus enters wound as spore and acts on motor end plate of CNS • Following childhood vaccination, boosters should be supplied once ever 10 years • If not immunized, athlete should receive tetanus immune globulin (Heper-Tet) immediately following skin wound

More Related