The Evolution of Policing in America: From Decay to Resurgence

1. Introduction • Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities • 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing • Government Structure and Policing Formal vs. Informal Social Control

2. Introduction • Principles of Federalism • Implications for the Police 1. Powers distributed 2. Institution decentralized 3. Dual Citizenship 4. Overlapping Jurisdictions

3. Introduction • Police and the Law1. Legitimates Social Order2. Regulates Behavior3. Curtails and Defines Freedom 4. System of Dispute Resolution

4. Introduction • Forms of Law1. Substantive2. Procedural3. Civil 4. Case Law

5. Introduction • Roles Performed by the Police Status vs. Roles1. Law Enforcement2. Order Maintenance3. Provision of Services 4. Convenience Norm Enforcement

6. Introduction • Police Activities: Research is mixed and varied methodologically • More evidence of increased crime or LE role in policing, but not a lot

7. Introduction • Mgt of Discretion=Major concern for supervisors • Styles of Policing1. Watchman2. Legalistic3. Service Diversity of the Police: What do they do?

8. Introduction • Federal Law Enforcement Agencies 1. Justice Department: FBI, DEA, USMS, INS2. Treasury Department: BATF, IRS, Customs, Secret Service

9. Introduction • Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Justice Department: USMS: 5 Responsibilities • Seize property • Physical security for federal courtrooms, judges, attys, jurors • Transportation of prisoners • Protects govt witnesses: Witness Security Division; Federal Witness Relocation Program • Execute federal warrants

10. History of Policing • Community Protection Before the Police • Emergence of Police-Role of the Military • In order for formal policing, 4 Themes1. The development of a formal legal system; 2. The emergence of social differentiation;

11. History of Policing • Emergence of Police: 4 Themes3. The production of a surplus of material resources; 4. The emergence of the state as a form of political organization.

12. History of Policing • The Roman Empire’s Contribution to PolicingAugustus Caesar’s Praetorian GuardCorps of Vigils • Removal of Praetorian Guards: more violence and downfall of Rome

13. History of Policing • Police Development in EnglandPublic extremely resistant to police. • Medieval England: Frankpledge System/Mutual Pledge SystemTithings, Hundreds, Shires • King Henry 1116: Leges Henrici

14. History of Policing • Leges Henrici:Offenses against the crownJudicial DistrictsFelonies and MisdemeanorsStatutes to Control Vagrants • Henry IIJuries Record keepingEnglish Common Law

15. History of Policing • The Watch and Ward Systemwhy did it eventually fail? • In 1500, wool shortage led to crime, poverty and overcrowding in cities • Charles II 1663, Highwayman Act • Why not change Watch and Ward? Implications for rich and poor… • The Invention of Gin

16. History of Policing • Henry Fielding’s Bow Street Runners • The English ReformersPeel’s Metropolitan Police Act 1829Why paramilitary organization?Was it effective? • Policing in the U.S.-Still didn’t prevent crime-Didn’t like police either

17. History of Policing • Boston, NYPD—Why not effective? Why not public support? • Why did departments come into existence? • 1840s lots and lots of guns • Political Entrenchment EraProgressive Era

18. History of Policing • Political Entrenchment Era • Progressive Era: Efficiency, professionalism, improved technology • ProfessionalismAugust Vollmer, Cal BerkeleyTraining of officers

19. History of Policing • Back to Community Policing • Toward Private Policing

20. Police Organization and Management • Organization, Management, Administration: Defined • Principles of Organization and Police Administration:Peel organized along military lines: why?

21. Police Organization and Management • Classical Organizational Principles • Weber’s BureaucracyHierarchySpecializationProcedural GuidelinesOrganizational Documentation

22. Police Organization and Management • Weber’s BureaucracyOrganizational AuthorityApptm’t Based on Qualification • Problems with Classical Org.

23. Police Organization and Management • Human Relations Organiz. TheoryHawthorne StudiesMcGregor’s Theory X and YTheory X: People must be directed and controlled. Man is by nature lazy, lacks ambition, dislikes responsibility, resistant to change, self centered, not very bright.

24. Police Organization and Management • Theory Y:- People are not resistant to org. needs—they’ve been trained that way.- Mgt needs to make it possible for people to recognize the potential in all workers. - Essential task of mgt is to make it so that people can best achieve their own goals by directing their efforts towards organizational goals.

25. Police Organization and Management • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Human Relations Theory and Police Adminstration

26. Police Organization and Management • Human Relations Theory and Police Administration Participatory Mgt Problem Solving Groups Quality Circles • Systems Theory and Police Administration

27. Police Organization and Management • Systems Theory and Police Administration Open v. Closed System Organizations as Systems Management By Objectives MBO Contingency Mgt Total Quality Management TQM

28. Police Organization and Management • Systems Theory and Police AdministrationTQM: Culture, Customers and Counting

29. Personnel Systems and the Police • Establishing Minimum Standards Residency RequirementsEducationPhysical AgilityAssessment CentersFTO Training: Does it Matter?

30. Personnel Systems and the Police • Toward a Theory of Police Selection • Affirmative Action and Police Selection Title VII of the Civil Rights Act Supreme Court Lessening of Title VII • Minorities in Policing • Women in Policing

31. Personnel Systems and the Police • Establishing Minimum Standards Residency RequirementsEducationPhysical AgilityAssessment CentersFTO Training: Does it Matter?

32. Police Operations • Police Patrol Strategies Routine Preventive Patrol Routine Preventive Patrol Reconsidered Reducing Patrol Time Delayed Police Response Differential Police Response

33. Police Operations • Police Patrol Methods and Techniques of Patrol Foot Patrol Bicycle Patrol

34. Police Operations • Police Patrol Strategies • Routine Preventive Patrol • Routine Preventive Patrol Reconsidered Reducing Patrol Time Delayed Police Response Differential Police Response

35. Police Operations • Directed Patrol • D-Runs • Split Force • Saturation Patrols/Crackdowns • Suspect-Oriented Techniques

36. Police Operations • Criminal Investigation Preliminary Investigation Follow up Investigation Research on Effectiveness of Investigation • The Traffic Function DUI Enforcement

37. The Police in the Modern Community • Evolved from the Police/Community Relations programs of the 1970s • 1970s and 1980s: rise in crime leads to concern about prevention • A Theory of Crime Prevention

38. The Police in the Modern Community • A Theory of Crime PreventionPrimary Crime PreventionSecondary Crime PreventionTertiary Crime Prevention • Primary Crime Prevention Techniques and Programs Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

39. The Police in the Modern Community • Primary Crime Prevention Techniques and Programs Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)Newman’s Defensible SpaceNeighborhood Watch ProgramsGuardian Angels: Kenney’s StudyPublic Education: McGruff

40. The Police in the Modern Community • Newman’s Defensible SpaceNeighborhood Watch ProgramsGuardian Angels: Kenney’s StudyPublic Education: Crime Stoppers, McGruff the Crime DogJuvenile Curfews • Community Policing

41. The Police in the Modern Community • Community PolicingPalermo, Sicily Example • A Theoretical Foundation of Community Policing Kelling and Wilson’s Broken Windows Skogan’s Contagion Proposition

42. The Police in the Modern Community • A Theoretical Foundation of Community Policing Kelling and Wilson’s Broken Windows Skogan’s Contagion Proposition Public Health Model of Crime

43. The Police in the Modern Community • 1994 Crime Bill: 100k cops • Community Partnerships and Problem Solving • Community Oriented vs. Problem Oriented Policing • The SARA Model: Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment

44. The Police in the Modern Community • The SARA Model: Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment • Management Implications of Community Policing The Philosophical DimensionThe Strategic DimensionThe Programmatic Dimension • Situational Crime Prevention Routine Activities Theory

45. The Police in the Modern Community • Situational Crime Prevention Routine Activities Theory

46. The Police and the Role of Law • Procedural Law • 4th Amendment Frisks and Searches Terry v. Ohio Frisks of Automobiles Michigan v. Wong

47. The Police and the Role of Law • Limits of Stop and Frisks Florida v. Royer US v. Place Minnesota v. Dickinson • The Exclusionary Rule Mapp v. Ohio Searches with Warrants US v. Leon—Good Faith Exception

48. The Police and the Role of Law • Searches without Warrants • Searches Incident to Arrest Chimel v. California US v. Robinson US v. Chadwick NY v. Belton PA v. Labron

49. The Police and the Role of Law • Searches with Voluntary Consent Schneckloth v. Bustamonte US v. Matlock US v. Watson Florida v. Jimeno

50. The Police and the Role of Law • Plain View Searches Coolidge v. New Hampshire Texas v. Brown Horton v. California • Searches of Automobiles Carroll v. US Chambers v. Maroney Arkansas v. Sanders Ross v. US