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Wide Area Networks (WAN) - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

Wide Area Networks (WAN) - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH). AAU Jens H. Sørensen jhaus@tdc.dk 20 Oktober 2005. Table of Contents. Objectives Introduction to WANs Typical WAN Technologies SDH Protocol SDH Equipment SDH Networks SDH Network Management SDH Services (partly 2nd part)

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Wide Area Networks (WAN) - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

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  1. Wide Area Networks (WAN) -Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) AAU Jens H. Sørensen jhaus@tdc.dk 20 Oktober 2005

  2. Table of Contents • Objectives • Introduction to WANs • Typical WAN Technologies • SDH Protocol • SDH Equipment • SDH Networks • SDH Network Management • SDH Services (partly 2nd part) • WDM/OTN (2nd part) • Network availability, restoration and automatic protection (2nd part) • Next/new Generation SDH and relations to IP, ATM, WDM, Ethernet … (2nd part) • Network Synchronisation (2nd part)

  3. Objectives Discussion of • LAN versus WAN, scaleability issues • WAN technologies, overview • Typical WANs, examples, SDH • Relations to networks based on Ethernet/IP/ATM/DSL … • Upcoming WAN networks

  4. What is a WAN? • Definition of "WAN" according to Webopedia: • A computernetwork that spans a relatively large geographical area. • Typically, a WAN consists of two or more local-area networks (LANs). • Computers connected to a wide-area network are often connected through public networks, such as the telephone system. They can also be connected through leased lines or satellites. • The largest WAN in existence is the Internet.

  5. Introduction to WANs

  6. Introductionto WANsExampleHigh CapacityLinks

  7. Introductionto WANsExamplePhysical andlogical Links

  8. Introduction to WANs - scaleability • Can Ethernet based LANs be connected nationwide supporting millions of users? • Scaleability issues (Ethernet) • no. of MAC addresses, VLANs, broadcast domains (ARP), STP convergence, performance of MAC and CSMA/CD under high load, QoS etc.. • Creation of hierarchical networks • Long distance optical systems • Scaleability issues (IP) • routing tables/IP-address aggregation, rearrangement of fixed IP-addresses, QoS • Other technologies are currently used…

  9. Introduction to WANs TCP, UDP IP MPLS ATM 802.3 Ethernet: MAC, LLC SDH, PDH, DXC 1/0 radio links, satellite, fiber, copper, WLAN …. 10/100/1000 BASET, TX, SX, LX, FX…

  10. Typical WAN Technologies

  11. WAN Technologies • WAN capacity levels: • 0: 64 kbit/s • 1: 2 Mbit/s (PDH) • 2: 8 Mbit/s (PDH) • 3: 34 Mbit/s/ 45Mbit/s (PDH) • 4: 140/155 Mbit/s (PDH/SDH STM-1, SONET OC-3) • 5: 622 Mbit/s (SDH STM-4, SONET OC-12) • 6: 2,5 Gbit/s (SDH STM-16, SONET OC-48) • …….

  12. WAN Technologies • DXC 1/0 • Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) • Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH, SONET) • ATM, Frame Relay • PSTN, ISDN • Radio Links • Satellite • + • IP • Ethernet • …..

  13. WAN Technologies • Why not only concentrate on IP/ethernet networks? • Scaleability issues • SDH, PDH … are essential parts of all incumbent operators WAN networks including many new service providers • 2M and STM-N is widely used as leased lines including ATM/IP/DSL backbone networks

  14. SDH Protocol

  15. SDH Protocol - Multiplexing • Multiplexing PDH signals • Plesiochronous multiplexing using bit stuffing • Multiplexing SDH signals • Synchronous Multiplexing using Pointer Processing

  16. SDH på 5 min SDH ramme, hastigheder og funktionalitet Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

  17. SDH Protocol - Multiplexing • Multiplexing PDH signals • Plesiochronous multiplexing using bit stuffing • Multiplexing SDH signals • Synchronous Multiplexing using Pointer Processing

  18. SDH ProtocolAU-4 PointerAdjustment

  19. SDH Protocol - Multiplexing • Multiplexing PDH signals • Plesiochronous multiplexing using bit stuffing • Multiplexing SDH signals • Synchronous Multiplexing using Pointer Processing • Multiplexing Structure • Adaptation of PDH and other signals

  20. SDH protocol - Multiplexing Structure

  21. x 1 x 1 STM-256 AUG-256 AU-4-256c VC-4-256c C-4-256c x 4 x 1 x 1 STM-64 AUG-64 AU-4-64c VC-4-64c C-4-64c x 4 x 1 x 1 STM-16 AUG-16 AU-4-16c VC-4-16c C-4-16c x 4 x 1 x 1 STM-4 AUG-4 AU-4-4c VC-4-4c C-4-4c x 4 x 1 x 1 STM-1 AUG-1 AU-4 VC-4 C-4 x 1 x 3 TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 x 3 x 1 x 7 C-3 STM-0 AU-3 VC-3 x 7 x 1 TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 pointer processing x 3 multiplexing TU-12 VC-12 C-12 x4 aligning TU-11 VC-11 C-11 mapping SDH mapping scheme Contiguous Concatenation More Multiplexing Initial mapping 24

  22. SDH Equipment

  23. SDH på 5 min SDH Equipment ADM 4/1 Aggregate Aggr. Interfaces: STM-1/4/(16) Trib. interfaces: 2M, 34M, 45M, 140M, STM-1/(4) Tributary Interfaces: 2M, 34M, 45M, 140M, STM-1, (STM-4/16) XC matrix scaleable up to 32/128/256 STM-1 equivalent, non-blocking DXC 4/1 ADM 4/4 Aggregate Aggr. Interfaces: STM-4/16/64 Trib. interfaces: STM-1/4/16 No access to lower order signals Tributary REG Regenerator function

  24. ADM 4/1 STM-4 example

  25. ADM 4/4STM-64 example

  26. SDH Networks

  27. SDH NetworksHierarchical example

  28. Network Structures - Pros and Cons

  29. SDH Networks - example , Routing in a hierarchical Network

  30. SDH netstruktur SDH Networks add on

  31. International Network structure

  32. SDH networks - fiber infrastructure

  33. SDH networks- WDM

  34. SDH networks- STM-64

  35. SDH networks- STM-16

  36. SDH networks - VC-4

  37. SDH netstruktur SDH Network node example

  38. SDH networkOptical cards and application codes • STM16: • S16.1 (short haul, 1300 nm, 10 km) • L16.1 (long haul, 1300 nm, 20 km) • L16.2 (long haul, 1550 nm, 80 km) • V16.2 (very long haul, 1550 nm, 120 km) • U16.2 (ultra long haul, 1550 nm, 160 km) • L16.2 colered interface til WDM rel 1.0 • L16.2 colered interface til WDM rel. 3.0

  39. Standards ITU-T • Concatenation, Protocols etc. • Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) • Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) • Equipment • Equipment • Equipment Management Function G.707 (10/2000)corr 1, corr 2*, add 1* G.7042/Y.1305 (11/2001)* G.7041/Y.1303 (11/2001)* G.783 (02/2001)* G.709 (02/2001) G.798 (11/2001) 42

  40. SDH Network Management

  41. SDH Network ManagementNetwork & Service Management View Bussines Level Management Customer acces/ applikationer Costumer administrative systems Service Level Management • Funktions: • Provisionering • Performance • Assurance • Alarmmanager SM funktion #1 SM funktion #2 Network Level Management • Technical • administrative • systems (inventory) • planning • modelling • registration Network Manager Network Manager Subnetwork Manager Subnetwork Manager Element Level Management Element Manager Element Manager Network Elements Network Elements En netteknologi f.eks. SDH

  42. SDH Network ManagementElement Manager • Matrix: 48 ports 4/4 non-blocking, dubleret

  43. SDH Network Management DCN, Data Communications Network is needed

  44. 6 levels subnetwork nesting Double click NE GUI SDH Network ManagementNetwork ManagerPoint and click management Sub-Network Level: NEs Level:

  45. Fault Management /Service ManagementFilter via tree view

  46. SDH Services

  47. SDH Services • Leased line Services (fixed dedicated bandwidth): • 2 Mbit/s, n x 2 Mbit/s • VC-12, n x VC-12 • 34 Mbit/s, 45 M Mbit/s • VC-3, n x VC-3 • 140 Mbit/s • VC-4 • VC-4-4c, VC-4-16c • Grey fibres / WDM channels • add-on services • Alternative routing, Specific routing, automatic protection, various Service Level Agreements (SLAs)

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