8 th Grade Power Vocabulary

1. 8th Grade Power Vocabulary List will be updated with words as they are covered in class Students are expected to keep an updated list of the words in a sheet protector in the history section of their team binder. Quizzes will be given roughly every two weeks on these words!!!

2. *Jim Crow Laws • A law that enforced Segregation in the Southern States

3. *13th Amendment Amendment ratified on January 31st, 1865 • Officially banned slavery in the United States

4. *14th Amendment • Equal rights amendment; said that ALL people born or naturalized within the United States (except for NATIVE AMERICANS) were citizens • Also guaranteed the citizens ‘equal protection of the laws.’ *ratified July, 9th 1868

5. *15th Amendment Gave African-American MEN the right to vote, went into effect in 1870 Women

6. *Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 Supreme Court case that determined that “separate but equal” facilities are allowed. Basically made segregation LEGAL • Facts about the case… • 7 of the 9 Supreme Court Justices voted in favor of this ruling… • The case was overturned with Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 • The case originally was about Homer Plessy, a man who was kicked off on an all-white train car despite having a ticket

7. Promontory Point, Utah The location where the Central and Union railroad companies connected to for the Transcontinental Railroad

8. Little Big Horn • AKA: Custer’s Last Stand • Sioux Indians led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull defeated General Custer and his entire command. Custer’s horse Comanche, was the only survivor.

9. Horizontal/ Vertical Integration Horizontal integration is when you buy the other COMPANIES you compete with Vertical integration is when you buy companies that produce the GOODS for the final product

10. Monopoly When a company has no competition and the result is domination of a market (Robber Baron trusts in the 1800’s achieved this)

11. Philanthropy Charitable acts or gifts of money to benefit a community. An example being libraries or community centers for kids.

12. Cool Ellis Island Facts: -was originally called “oyster Island” -Island doubled in size due to land fill from the subway tunnels being built in Manhattan -During World War I, Ellis Island was a hospital Ellis Island From Ellis Island, you would be able to see the Statue of Liberty. This is the inscription on the statue: Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me. I lift my lamp beside the golden door. Center that processed close to 11 million immigrants from Europe between the years of 1892 and 1954

13. Muckraker Journalists who “raked up,” or exposed, corruption in society during the late 1800’s and the early 1900’s • Two important muckrakers were… • Upton Sinclair, whose book The Jungle exposed the unsanitary aspects of the meatpacking industry in Chicago • Jacob Riis, who showed how the working class lived and worked in New York City through his book How the Other Half Lives.

14. Suffragist People who fought for the right to vote, for women during the late 1800’s and early 1900’s

15. Prohibition Facts • Reformers reached their goal with the passing of the 18th amendment in 1920, which banned the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol • Women were the leaders pushing for Prohibition, WHY WOULD THAT BE???? * Prohibition The legal ban of the manufacture, sale, transportation, and consumption of alcohol. Progressive reformers of the late 18th century pushed for prohibition

16. * Progressivism *One of the most famous progressive reformers was the Danish Photographer Jacob Riis, whose pictures of immigrant life in New York City helped to bring about change Movement to improve social and political problems in the late 1800’s. Progressive means to change or improve…

17. Mind your own business *Isolationism Don’t get involved in Europe’s fights A national policy of non-involvement in world affairs. We will mind our own business!! How America acted towards Europe before entering WWI & after

18. *Propaganda Ideas or information designed and spread to influence opinion. “Make my side look good . . And your side look bad!!!”

19. TREATY OF VERSAILLES Treaty that ended World War I, punishing Germany and made them pay reparations. GERMANY MUST PAY!! Have No Army! & Take Total Responsibility! Can’t we all be Friends -President Wilson Versailles was the grand palace of the old French Kings where the treaty was created without German input

20. Imperialism Stronger nations bullying or picking on smaller nations

21. Women who cut their hair short & wore makeup & short dresses challenging ideas of how women were supposed to behave during the 1920’s Flapper One CRAZY thing flappers did was DRIVE AUTOMOBILES… WOW!!!

22. Movement of African-Americans out of the South and to Factories in Northern cities that occurred during World War I and the 1920’s Great Migration African-Americans still faced racism up north…

23. Jazz Age Louis Armstrong Bessie Smith Name for the 1920’s that describes the popularity of Jazz music

24. Scopes Monkey Trial Trial of a Tennessee high school science teacher (John Scopes) who was accused of teaching evolution Cartoon of the Prosecutor, William Jennings Bryan Scopes was found GUILTY and fined $100!!!! Eventually the State Supreme Court overturned the decision but the debate was on!!!

25. The Great Depression Time period from roughly 1929 to 1942 when the United States went through a huge economic downturn, or depression.

26. Eleanor Roosevelt • an American political leader who used her influence as an active First Lady from 1933 to 1945 to promote the New Deal policies of her husband, President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

27. Name given to Franklin Roosevelt’s plans to fix the Great Depression, Consisted of three goals: relief, recovery, and reform. The New Deal

28. Black Tuesday October 29th, 1929: The day the stock market crashed, which many state officially started the Great Depression. Prior to the stock market crashing, there were already warnings signs of this to come, including banks closing and both farmers and factories overproducing.

29. Dust Bowl Causes of the Dust Bowl included: overproduction, ripping up the native grasses, and new technology. Severe drought that hit the Great Plains during the 1930’s.

30. *United Nations International group created to help settle conflicts between nations after World War II. The United Nations replaced the League of Nations… a similar group the United States never joined.

31. Capitalism Economic system where people can own their own business

32. Rosie the Riveter American propaganda Character that showed that women were strong enough to work in factories at home to help the war effort.

33. Pearl Harbor Location of the Japanese attack that brought the U.S. into WWII on December 7, 1941

34. Japanese Internment Camps Remote camps where Japanese-Americans were forced to go leaving businesses, homes and property. Racist thoughts believed Japanese-Am. would help the Japanese during the war.

35. The famous WWII invasion of NAZI-held France. Also known as the Battle of Normandy, June 6, 1944. D-Day

36. Manhattan Project Secret project during WWII to build a NUCLEAR BOMB. Working in secret cities, scientist created 3 bombs by the end of WWII. Two were dropped on Japan. SECRET!!! Lead scientist Dr. Robert Oppenheimer

37. System of government where the government controls everything from the economy to totalitarian political control. Cannot own a business Communism

38. Fascism System of government with a totalitarian political control using twisted history and racism with capitalistic economy.

39. Jewish prisoners were identified by numbers which the NAZIS tattooed on their arms. HOLOCAUST- The mass killings of European Jews and others by the Nazis during World War II.

40. ANTI-SEMITISM Hostility toward or prejudice against Jews or Judaism. Used by Hitler in Germany to blame the Jewish people for Germany’s problem.

41. Holocaust locations that were designed to kill people through work and held Jews, Gypsies and political opponents of NAZI Germany. Concentration Camp

42. Militarism & Nationalism NAZI National Socialist German Worker’s Party: Fascist political party led by Adolf Hitler that took over Germany in the 1930’s.

43. Stalin: More Land For Communism!! Churchill: I want to save British Power & Colonies BIG 3 & Yalta Conference Roosevelt: Can’t we all just get along The Big Three: Roosevelt -US, Churchill-Britain, Stalin-Soviet Union Yalta was a meeting of the Big 3 to decide how to govern Europe after Germany & Japan were defeated

44. Space Race The competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to explore space.

45. McCarthyism Joseph McCarthy’s method of accusing people of being Communists without any proof.

46. Arms Race A “contest” where the United States and the Soviet Union rushed to build more nuclear weapons than the other.

47. Berlin Wall A barrier of concrete and barbed wire that passed through Berlin, separating West Berlin from Communist East Berlin.

48. Cold War Global competition from 1949-1989 between the Super Powers of the United States (Democratic Capitalism)& the Soviet Union (Totalitarian Communism). Space Race/ NATO & Warsaw Pact / Arms Race / Olympics

49. Martin Luther King Inspired by Gandhi, this man led the non-violent, peaceful Civil Rights Movement (by using civil disobedience) until he was assassinated.

50. Black Power 1960’s and 70’s African American movement that focused on self-pride and self reliance. Symbolized by the Black Panthers and Nation of Islam.