Smart Grid Project

1. Smart Grid Project Sandra ScalariENEL – Research Technical Area • Bratislava, 27th May 2008

2. European SmartGrids Technology Platform Its aim is to formulate and promote a vision for the development of Europe’s electricity networks looking towards 2020 and beyond, driving European and national research.

3. Why Distributed Generation should increase ? • Higher efficiency in energy conversion, due to Distributed production of heat and electricity (CHP plants) • Renewable energy sources exploitation, which are intrinsically • Reduction of transmission and distribution costs, although this depends on DG location • Modularity of DG Technologies, that is expected reduction of costs due to a scale factor • Improvement in reliability and quality of supply, depending on possible improvement of DG and network operation • Adoption of targets by national and international governs and authorities, to support RES and CHP development • Possibility of open and competitive markets, end-user oriented

4. Present barriers to DG exploitation • High technology costs • Existing distribution network are not designed and/or operated to support DG integration, new criteria and rules have to be defined • Ancillary services for DG are not fully recognized DG success is related to the development of Smart Grids. Active distribution grids with widespread integration of small size generators and distributed intelligence, able to support end users interactivity with market and grid operators

5. Responding to new needs • User-centric approach: increased interest in electricity market opportunities, flexible demand, micro generation,… • Electricity networks renewal and innovation: efficient asset management, increasing degree of automation,… • Security of supply: diversification of energy sources, promotion of renewable energy sources, increase network capacity, higher reliability and quality,.. • Liberalized markets: opportunities for developing new products and services, ..

6. From today to tomorrow: Grid Evolution From traditional grids … • Large Generation Stations • Centralized control • Unidirectional power flows • Regional power flow capacity • Limited interaction with loads To grids of tomorrow … • Extensive small distributed generation • Coordinated local energy management • Bidirectional power flows • Cross border trading of power and grid services • Flexible DSM and customer-driven added services

7. Key elements of the vision: what we need • A toolbox of proven technical solution • Harmonized regulatory and commercial frameworks • Shared technical standards and protocols • Information, computing and telecommunication systems • Interfacing of new and old design, that is interoperability of equipments

8. Transition towards Smart Grids The transition from current distribution networks towards Smart Grids will pass through three significant succeeding steps. During this transition the focus will pass from energy value to information value • Active Network: medium voltage grids with a strong penetration of distributed generation; this generation is directly controlled from DSO, depending on network power flows. • Micro-Grid: low voltage grids with renewable source generation and storage systems; the grid can be island operated and emergency connected to the main grid. • Virtual utilities: internet like grids where energy is locally generated but negotiated among producers and consumers according to a price signal.

9. Enel Distribution Network • Medium Voltage • 2000 Primary Substations (HV/MV) • 334.000 km • 87.500 MVA • Low Voltage • 345.000 Secondary Substations (MV/LV) • 725.000 km • 65.700 MVA

10. Enel Environment and Innovation Project: Smart Grid Project Objective: Development and Experimentation of innovative solutions for a strong penetration of distributed generation from renewable sources in distribution grids, according to the European SmartGrids Technology Platform guidelines. Responsibilities: • Distribution • Grid Models • MV grid control and protection systems • MV grid communication systems • Research Technical Area • Generator Models • Generator Control Systems • Field Tests

11. Project Phases Optimized Management of Grids with bidirectional power flows Well-established Technologies Active Grids Innovative Technologies Smart Grids Advanced Technologies Research will support the most innovative part of well-established technologies and will develop medium and long time term projects supporting involved operating units.

12. First Phase: Optimized Management of Actual Grids Transmission Grid (HV) Control Centre Distribution Grid (MV) • Objectives: • To manage distribution grids with high penetration of DG, avoiding generation detachment for single protection intervention • To allow a major penetration of distributed generation • To increase system reliability

13. Transmission Grid (HV) Control Centre Distribution Grid (MV) Second phase: Active Grids • Objectives: • To allow island operation • To manage generation and load balancing • To manage separation and parallel with other grids • To improve grid access • To increase grid availability

14. Third phase: Smart Grid (DMS) • Objectives: • To allow production dispatchment • To allow demand response and demand side management • To promote the development of an energy market • To allow energy network integration (Gas and electricity) • To allow grid services exchange

15. Research and Universities Cooperation 6 Electrical Engineering Departments : BOLOGNA, CAGLIARI, GENOVA, NAPOLI, PADOVA, PISA University will support Enel Research in the most innovative aspects of the project and in the development of medium and long time projects: it will actively cooperate to the experimental tests. The main cooperation areas will be: University and Research can rely on: • Mathematical Models • Laboratory tests • Knowledge and personnel • Availability of Complementary competences • Strong team work vocation and application of scientific knowledge

16. 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 • Simulazione Rete di riferimento MT/BT • Progettazione funzionalità e gestione DMS per la reti smart MT/BT • Acquisizioni e integrazione sistemi BT • Sperimentazione della rete “attiva” MT • Autorizzazione costruzione infrastruttura sperimentale • Progettazione esecutiva infrastruttura sperimentale • Simulazione gestione rete attiva • Progettazione funzionalità e gestione DMS per la reti attive • Acquisizione componenti infrastruttura • Apertura cantiere per infrastruttura sperimentale • Avvio procedure per completamento forniture • Commissioning e prove su sistemi acquisiti • Sperimentazione strumentazione e comunicazione Smart Grid: 2007-2011 Development Plan Experimental Activity Construction and commissioning Permissions Project • Completamento autorizzazioni per sottorete BT • Progettazione matrice di prove per rete prototipale • Progettazione e specificazione rete e dispositivi BT • Acquisizione componenti infrastruttura • Realizzazione infrastruttura sperimentale • Avviamento ed integrazione sistemi • Avvio procedure per acquisizione sistemi BT • Sperimentazione della rete “attiva” MT • Integrazione reti MT/BT • Sperimentazione della rete “attiva MT/BT • Business plan approval and first bureaucratic procedures • Test network definiton • Test Facility first design • Test facility Components identifcation • SW tools acquisition • Instrumentation Acquisition

17. Smart Grid: Macro Activities • MODELING AND SIMULATION ANALYSIS • SMART GRID TEST FACILITY • DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEMS • STORAGE AND STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR SYSTEM • LOAD AND GENERATION EMULATED SYSTEMS • SCADA AND DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DMS) • COMMUNICATION SYSTEM • REGULATION, AUTHORITY,ANCILLARY SERVICES

18. Modeling and Simulation Analysis (1) • General objectives • To define the project vision, the fundamental concepts and the system architecture. • To develop the necessary tools to support all project phases through numerical simulations. • Notes • The definition of one ore more simulation environments allows: • Exchange of simulation configurations • Sharing of data and results among the project partecipants • 2007-2008 Activity • Topology and data identification of test network • Identification and acquisition of simulation environments • Development, integration and test of component models

19. Modeling and Simulation Analysis (2)Reference Network • Development and use of simulation tools to support all steps of the project has initiated • The chosen reference network is a typical distribution MV grid, working in radial mode with the possibility of connections. It includes: • Feeders departing from one HV/MV substation • Distributed Generators (DG) • Implementation of the Smart Grid model of Livorno site is almost completed

20. Modeling and Simulation Analysis (3)Reference Network • Adopted Software Platforms : • DIgSilent Power Factory: for the steady-state phenomena analysis • EMTP-RV: for the fast transition phenomena analysis • Developed models: • Gas turbine and wind generator • Static VAR compensator • Dynamic loads • Lines, protections and substations • Developed DMS and EMS functions: • Generation curtailment • Load shedding • Voltage and power control strategies with coordinated behaviour of generation units • Power Quality indexes calculation

21. Smart Grid: Macro Activities • MODELING AND SIMULATION ANALYSIS • SMART GRID TEST FACILITY • DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEMS • STORAGE AND STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR SYSTEM • LOAD AND GENERATION EMULATED SYSTEMS • SCADA AND DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DMS) • COMMUNICATION SYSTEM • REGULATION, AUTHORITY,ANCILLARY SERVICES

22. Smart Grid Test Facilities (1) • General Objectives • To verify the feasibility of developed solution on real distribution networks, along all project phases • Notes • This activity includes: • Design and development of Livorno Experimental Area • All activities related to test of innovative instrumentation, communication rigs • Integration of developed solutions on real Distribution networks • 2007-2008 Activities • Design, authorization plan, components acquisition for Livorno Experimental Area • Design, acquisition and first application of measurement tools and instruments

23. Smart Grid Test Facility (2) The Smart Grid experimental area realization is in progress in the Research Experimental Area of Livorno, Italy • Experimental issues: • Management of balance including independent thermal and electric loads • Operation in intentional islanding and connected to public network • Study and development of control and interface systems • Study of storage and a compensation systems with power and quality functions • Study and development of protection systems for low short circuit power systems • Development of grid operation and control systems • Test and development of communication systems

24. Smart Grid Test Facility (3) • The test facility includes: • A dispatching 15kV panel, including two sections to allow the configuration of a MV feeder with different topologies, up to four nodes. • A connection to MV public grid through the upstream grid emulation system and island switchgear • Cable and over-head line emulators • An electrical test area with several generation systems • A thermal test area for load emulation • A test facility with a low voltage active grid connected with the Smart Grid

25. Smart Grid Test Facility (4) Medium/Low Voltage Active Grid Prototype

26. Smart Grid Test Facility (5) Instrumentation for control and power quality • Distributed architecture for different types of instruments: • Standards instruments : commercial CT and VT • High-performance instruments : Fluke family • Prototypal customer instruments : CRIO National Instruments • Instrument Applications: • Monitoring and control of the main electrical measurements at the network nodes • Determination of the parameters to define Power Quality indexes • Developing innovative tools for the analysis, management and control of active networks • Voltage measurements in order to develop synchro phasors analysis

27. Smart Grid: Macro Activities • MODELING AND SIMULATION ANALYSIS • SMART GRID TEST FACILITY • DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEMS • STORAGE AND STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR SYSTEM • LOAD AND GENERATION EMULATED SYSTEMS • SCADA AND DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DMS) • COMMUNICATION SYSTEM • REGULATION, AUTHORITY,ANCILLARY SERVICES

28. Distribuited Generation Systems (1) • The research themes, which will be validated first in the simulation environment and then on the field, are: • Dispersed generation modeling for the evaluation of coordinated behavior of generation units, with following integration on a real operated grid. • Voltage control strategies on MV active network, to be implemented in generator control systems. • Integrated management of network resources, deriving some concepts from HV secondary regulation. Test will be undertaken in critical conditions, both connected to the grid and in islanding mode. • Smart Grid MV Generation units: Generation types were chosen according to current distributed generation parks. • A conventional generation system (1MWe) consisting of an internal combustion motor and a co-generation system. • A gas turbine based generation system (about 650 kWe) and a tri-generative system, including a boiler and an absorption chiller. • Two Fuel Cell generation system (250 and 500 kWe), based on different technologies

29. Low Voltage Grid Components • Low Voltage Generation Systems: • Micro Grid test facility • Wide spectrum of market available technologies: • Photovoltaic Panels • Mini Wind Generators • Small Domestic cogeneration systems • Fuel Cells • Generator size:10 – 100 kW. • Low Voltage Grid Loads: • Real loads, such as a ‘smart house’ loads • Load emulation for developing a nd testing of advanced load management

30. Smart Grid: Macro Activities • MODELING AND SIMULATION ANALYSIS • SMART GRID TEST FACILITY • DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEMS • STORAGE AND STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR SYSTEM • LOAD AND GENERATION EMULATED SYSTEMS • SCADA AND DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DMS) • COMMUNICATION SYSTEM • REGULATION, AUTHORITY,ANCILLARY SERVICES

31. Storage and Static VAR Compensator System (1) Storage system • Aims of the Project: • To identify storage systems’ typologies and accommodation, according to their capacity and use.

32. Storage and Static VAR Compensator System (2) Static VAR Compensator System • Aims of the Project: • Conceive storage system’s functions, size and position. • Improve the management of the grid. • Improve the quality of the service. • Research and Experimental’ s Themes: • Development, implementation and test of the following services: • Power and energy transfer • Slow voltage regulation and rephasing • Emergency • Active filtering • Ramp • Fast voltage regulation and rephasing • Short-time interruptions and “voltage holes” coverage

33. Storage and Static VAR Compensator System (3) Static VAR Compensator System Power Quality Service Case of study: 1MW load and a 1MVA compensator. The transient reported shows the tripping of the mains at t=0.7s, the re-synchronisation at t=1.7s, a step in the voltage reference Vrf0 at t=2.5s and a step in the frequency reference f0 at t=3.5s. Fig. 5. Load real and reactive power Fig. 3. Inverter real and reactive power. Fig. 6. Inverter terminal frequency Fig. 4. Mains supplied real and reactive power.

34. Smart Grid: Macro Activities • MODELING AND SIMULATION ANALYSIS • SMART GRID TEST FACILITY • DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEMS • STORAGE AND STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR SYSTEM • LOAD AND GENERATION EMULATED SYSTEMS • SCADA AND DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DMS) • COMMUNICATION SYSTEM • REGULATION, AUTHORITY,ANCILLARY SERVICES

35. Emulated Systems (1) • Electrical Load Emulators • The research activity will afford themes related to load estimation, modelling techniques and load control policies. • As it will be necessary to reply different load trends, according to network power level, an emulation load system will be employed. • Through a proper controlled inverter system it will be possible to reproduce active and reactive load power profiles for an amount of about 2MW. • Thermal Load Emulators • The availability of thermal emulation system is essential to dissipate the thermal power produced by co/tri-generative systems, in an independent way of real available thermal users. • This system will allow the modulation of the cold/warm load request in order to control generators in different ways (thermal or electrical load follow modes). • Thermal load profiles will be reproduced to simulate the real behaviour of this type of systems when they are connected to a real heating/conditioning network.

36. Emulated Systems (2) • Electrical Generation Units Emulators • The size and the urban location of the test facility do not allow the installation of renewable generation such as wind park. • This type of electrical generation will be emulated through controlled inverter systems; these will allow the reproduction of different generation profiles and the emulation of the control system too. • Electrical Grid and Line Emulators • In order to test a variable topology network some devices could vary total impedance of MV electrical lines or of the upstream network. • Through the network emulator the feeding condition of the experimental network could be varied respect to the upstream primary station. • The dispatching panel, together with the protection and lines emulation system, will set up a MV feeder, emulating over-head and underground lines for an amount of about 30 km.

37. Smart Grid: Macro Activities • MODELING AND SIMULATION ANALYSIS • SMART GRID TEST FACILITY • DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEMS • STORAGE AND STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR SYSTEM • LOAD AND GENERATION EMULATED SYSTEMS • SCADA AND DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DMS) • COMMUNICATION SYSTEM • REGULATION, AUTHORITY,ANCILLARY SERVICES

38. SCADA and Distribution Management System (DMS) (1) Today and future issues for MV network management • Maintenance of adequate voltage profiles • Management of protections systems • Control of power conversion systems • Networkstability • Dispatching of different resources • Management of power quality • Providing of ancillary services • The research project objectives: • Guidelines for the DG integration in the planning of electricity networks, including protection devices and related control system • Identification of innovative HW/SW tools to develop new network management criteria • Criteria for integrated management of generators and loads • Criteria for establishment of a MV dispatching system • Identification and valorization of ancillary services Evolution from control and supervision to integrated management

39. SCADA and Distribution Management System (DMS) (2) The automation and control system of the test facility network The automation and control system of the test facility network was designed with the objective of getting a suitable environment for the development, integration and testing of management functions of a MV grid. • Basic functions for managing the network in a safety way (SCADA Server) • Innovative features of management and coordinated control of devices in the network (DMS Server) • Input • Consumption and generation programs • Real-time Power Request Adjustment • Measurements from nodes in the field • Output • Operation Set Point for MV generators and loads • Operation Set Point for LV micro-grid controller • Optimization • Power flows on the MV and LV network • Exploitation of distributed energy resources • Power Quality at each network node

40. SCADA and Distribution Management System (DMS) (3) System architecture • Architectural requests: • Modularity HW to allow start-up sizing and future expansion of the plant • Flexibility of functions performed by centralized service station • High reliability, obtained by redundant main systems and by sub-division of the system into autonomous functional areas • Interoperability of electrical devices • High maintainability, guaranteed by auto diagnostic functions and by automatic recovery of anomalies

41. Smart Grid: Macro Activities • MODELING AND SIMULATION ANALYSIS • SMART GRID TEST FACILITY • DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEMS • STORAGE AND STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR SYSTEM • LOAD AND GENERATION EMULATED SYSTEMS • SCADA AND DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DMS) • COMMUNICATION SYSTEM • REGULATION, AUTHORITY,ANCILLARY SERVICES

42. Communication System (1) Requirements • The communication system will ensure: • Efficiency: ability to exchange data in real-time mode • Reliability: possibility of retaining data exchange in situations of difficulty of communication (distance, meteorological agents, presence of foreign sources and noises) and to restore the link once interrupted; • Security: it will be essential to secure the secrecy and integration of the information • Low-Cost: itallows widespread installation which distribution network

43. Communication System (2) Architecture • The communication system of the experimental area should allow the exchange of information and commands for the project activities, identifying the most “suitable” technologies for the different application, both in testing and in the real operation of the generators. • Data exchange will then be tested also in the application level. Particularly, the communication standard IEC61850 is suitable to create a fast and flexible communication structure. • The architecture of communication system provides interconnection between various components and buildings using as physical layer fiber optic cables.

44. Communication System (3) Experimental activities in the test facility Research and Experimental’ s Themes: Development, implementation and test of the following technologies: • Link from DMS to local controller of generators/ MV load:Hiperlan • Link from DMS to microgrid controller of LV: UMTS • Link from microgrid controller to LV load/generators : Powerline

45. Smart Grid: Macro Activities • MODELING AND SIMULATION ANALYSIS • SMART GRID TEST FACILITY • DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEMS • STORAGE AND STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR SYSTEM • LOAD AND GENERATION EMULATED SYSTEMS • SCADA AND DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DMS) • COMMUNICATION SYSTEM • REGULATION, AUTHORITY,ANCILLARY SERVICES

46. Regulation, Authority, Ancillary services • General Objectives • Identification and valorization of new ancillary services to be integrated in Smart Grids management • Definition and tracing of a new organic normative system • Notes • New services : • From generation systems • From active distribution networks towards transmission networks • DSO-TSO New Relationships • Rights/Dues definition for the different actors • Regulation activity must be continuous and will affect: • Technical committees and National/ European authorities • Network Access Rules Definition • Valorization of multi-carrier distribution systems (electricity – gas)

47. Smart Grid Project Sandra ScalariENEL – Research Technical Area • 27th May 2008