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Cactaceae

Cactaceae. http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk. Cactaceae Classification. APGII 30-200 genera, 1000-2000 species Basal Core Eudicots Caryophyllid clade Characterized by : Spiny, succulent, photosynthetic stems Presence of betalins and P-plastids Flowers that have:

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Cactaceae

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  1. Cactaceae http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk

  2. Cactaceae Classification • APGII • 30-200 genera, 1000-2000 species • Basal Core Eudicots • Caryophyllid clade • Characterized by: • Spiny, succulent, photosynthetic stems • Presence of betalins and P-plastids • Flowers that have: • many integrating tepals • many stamens (hundreds)‏ • numerous stigma lobes (L.) Mill. http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu

  3. http://www.sdnhm.org/research/botany http://www.botany.wisc.edu

  4. Cactaceae Classification Caryophyllids http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu • Placentation: Basal or Free Central • Group also called “Centrospermae” or central seeds • Seed: embryo curls around outer edge of seed, rather than laying in center • Plastids in phloem cells: P-type plastids, rather than S-type plastids in other dicots • Contain betalins: not found in any other plant

  5. Evolution of Cactaceae • Recent studies of DNA variation and of vascular anatomy suggest that the closest angiosperm family is Portulaceae • Cactaceae is a xerophytic lineage ‏which arose from a common ancestor between Portuluceae and the “proto-cacti” ‏ • Speciated in the New World, most likely after the split of Gondwanaland • Originated either in Caribbean islands or NW South America http://www.cssnz.org

  6. Subfamilies of Cactaceae • Perskioideae • Smallest subfamily; 18 species • Predominately in South America • Have differentiated into 4-5 geographically isolated groups within South America and the Caribbean • Shrubby, tree-like, one species even forms vines • Primitive Cactus • Lack of succulence • Presence of leaves • Areoles with spines • Maihuenia (Phil. ex F.A.C.Weber) K.Schum. • Most similar to the “proto-cacti” • Many similarites with Portulaceae Pereskia grandifolia Haw.

  7. Subfamilies of Cactaceae Maihuenia tehuelches Speg. Maihuenia patagonica (Phil.) Britton & Rose http://www.astrokaktus.com http://www.gargamel-cactus.com

  8. Subfamilies of Cactaceae (Haw.) Haw. • Opuntioideae • About 300 species • Occupies the most geographic range of the Subfamilies • Coast to coast in North America (E→W), and central Canada to Patagonia • Has invaded the Mediterranean, Africa and Australia • 5 independent lineages (tribes)‏ http://home-and-garden.webshots.com http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu Maihueniopsis bonnieae (D.J.Ferguson & R.Kiesling) E.F.Anderson.

  9. Photos: Alicia Longo

  10. Subfamilies of Cactaceae Arrojadoa penicillata Britton & RoseTribe Cereeae • Catoideae • Largest subfamily, about 86% of all species in Cactaceae family • Over 1,000 species • 8-10 independent lineages (tribes) within this subfamily • 4 have thought to originated in North America, 5 in South America Frailea pumila Britton & RoseTribe Notocacteae http://www.answers.com http://www.answers.com

  11. Carnegiea gigantea Britton & RoseTribe Pachycereeae Gymnocalycium mihanovichii Pfeiff. ex MittlerTribe Trichocereeae Astrophytum myriostigma Lem. Tribe Cacteae Selenicereus wercklei (A.Berger) Britton & RoseTribe Hylocereeae Astrophytum myriostigma Lem.Tribe Cacteae Photos: http://www.answers.com

  12. Structure and Function Modified Stems • Fleshy, succulent stems • Some non-succulent, have 'fleshy' leaves instead (Pereskieae)‏ • Photosynthetic • Most lack woody tissue • A woody epidermal layer or stem present in some • Enable cacti to live in hot, dry climates • Thick, fleshy stem: Reservoir to store water • Waxy skin surface: Keeps water from evaporating • Surfaces of most cacti can expand/contract to accommodate changes in the amount of water stored Species unspecified http://sliceoftheday.wordpress.com

  13. Structure and Function • Modified Leaves • Reduced to spines or absent • Few species have well developed leaves • Important benefits of spines: • Predatory defense (deters grazers)‏ • Provide shade • Light colored spines reflect sunlight, preventing excess solar radiation http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk

  14. Structure and Function • Modified leaves, continued... Species unspecified • Develop from axillary buds, always located on areole • Central spines: grow at apex of areole • Radial spines: grow around circumference of apex • Areoles grow in regular patterns on the stem • Alternate • Deciduous (when well developed leaves present)‏ http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk

  15. http://www.cactus-chile.cl

  16. Structure and Function • Spineless Cacti • Produce toxic substances to deter grazers • Lophophora williamsii (Lem.) J. Coult., or “Peyote” • Produces mescaline, a hallucinogenic narcotic • Illegal in United States • Used legally by one, unspecified, Native American group http://www.answers.com http://www.mescaline.com

  17. Structure and Function Root System Various species • Fibrous, branching roots • Shallow and long • Exploit water deposited at surface by short periods of rain • Some have shorter, compact roots that absorb dew water falling off of downward directed spines • Taproot • Reaches deeper layers of soil • Helps anchor the plant, as well as obtaining deeper lying water and nutrients http://www.cactusmuseum.com Notocactus arechavaletai (Speg.) Hert.

  18. Structure and Function Echinocereus fasciculatus(Engelm. ex B. D. Jacks.) L. D. Benson • Flowers • Present in all cacti • Many are short-lived (days)‏; • Some only open at night • Short blooming periods lessen amount of water that may evaporate through petals • Solitary or inflorescences • Can be fragrant or odorless • Actinomorphic • Perianth free or joined basally • Stamens: numerous • Carpels: 3-numerous • Ovary: inferior, embedded in tip of stem • Placentation: parietal http://www.botany.hawaii.edu Rathbunia alamosensis (J. Coulter) Britton & Rose

  19. Lygaeus equestris (L.) http://www.cactus-art.biz Sulcorebutia gerosenilis Riha & Arandia Echinocereus reichenbachii (Terscheck ex Walpers) F.Haage http://gis.esri.com http://www.atmstravelnews.com Pachycereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose Opuntia cochenillifera (L.) Mill.

  20. Structure and Function • Water Storage/Transport • Stoma • Open at night to conserve water • Stem • A reservoir; can expand/contract depending on amount of water to store • Cortex mainly parenchyma • Cortical bundles and secondary phloem/xylem • Roots • Shallow to absorb surface water during rain • Break off during extended periods of drought • No water loss to soil Astrophytum myriostigma Lem. Cereus repandus Haw. http://www.sbs.utexas.edu

  21. Economical Importance http://www.tomzap.com • Edible Fruit • Berries • Opuntia (L.) Mill. • (prickly pear, India fig, tuna, etc)‏ • Stenocereus (A.Berger) Riccob. • S. gummosus 'most tasty' • Cereus Haw. • Ferocactus Britton & Rose and Echinocactus Link & Otto(barrel cacti) • Medical Uses • Stem extracts can be used as anti-diabetic agents, diuretic, laxative, and treatment for stomach ulcers, burns, and kidney disease • Florist Trade/Landscaping • Multi-million dollar plant business anually • Many taken from the wild http://www.sfgate.com http://upload.wikimedia.org

  22. Endangered/Threatened Species Sclerocactus brevispinus K. D. Heil & J. M. Porter Astrophytum asterias Lem. Pilosocereus polygonus (Lam.) Byles & G.D http://www.nativeecosystems.org http://cactiguide.com Echinocactus horizonthalonius Lem. Pediocactus peeblesianus (Croizat) L. D. Benson http://www.centerforplantconservation.org http://www.tosca.si http://www.botanica.uk.net

  23. Florida Species (Haw.)Britton & Rose (Haw.)Kimnach Photos: http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu

  24. Florida Species (J.S.Mill.)Stearn (Raf.)Raf. (Raf.)Raf. Photos: http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu

  25. Florida Species Haw. (L.)Britton & Rose Photos: http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu

  26. References • Binns, Corey. “How Cacti Survive: Surprising Strategies Quench Thirst.” 24 July 2006. 24 August 2008. <http://www.livescience.com/strangenews/060724_mm_cacti_survive.html> • Buchmann, Stephen et. al. “Gap Analysis of Pollinator (bats, bees, hummingbirds) Species Richness in Arizona.” 24 February 2008. <http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap530/p530.htm> • “Cactaceae.” U. of Hawaii. 22 January 2006. 24 February 2008. <http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/Faculty/Carr/cact.htm> • “Cactus and Succulent Curiosities.” Cactus ArtNursery.09 January 2008. 24 February 2008. <http://www.cactus-art.biz/gallery/ Photo_gallery_cactus_curiosities.htm> • “Cactus Plants (Family Cactaceae).” Enchantedlearning.com. 24 February 2008. <http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/ plants/types/cactus/> • “Caryophyllids: Systematics.” University of California. 17 March 2000. 24 February 2008. <http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/caryos/caryophyllidsy.html> • “Cortex.” Cactus ArtNursery.09 January 2008. 24 February 2008. <http://www.cactus-art.biz/note- book/Dictionary/Dictionary_C/dictionary_cortex.htm> • Dimmitt, Mark A. “Cactaceae (cactus family).” Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. 24 2008 February. <http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_cactus_.php> • “Evolution of Cactus.” Cactus and Succulent Society of New Zealand. 24 February 2008. <http://www.cssnz.org/evolution-of- cactus.php> • Lamb, Annette and Larry Johnson. “Cactus (Cactaceae)” Eduscapes.com. May 2002. 24 February 2008. <http://eduscapes.com/nature/cactus/index1.htm> • Mauseth, James D. “Cactus adaptations to dry environments.” U. of Texas. 24 February 2008. <http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mauseth/researchoncacti/index.htm> • “Nichol's Turk's Head Cactus.” Galeschools.com. 24 February 2008. <http://www.galeschools.com/environment/endangered/nichols_cactus.htm> • “Oil and Gas Drilling Threatens Endangered Utah Cactus.” Center for Native Ecosystems. 24 February 2008. <http://www.nativeecosystems.org/newsroom/imported.2006-05-11.183224-3/view> • “Pariette Cactus: Sclerocactus brevispinus.” Center for Native Ecosystems. 24 February 2008. <http://www.nativeecosystems.org/species/pariette-cactus> • Patriquin, David. “Biology of Cacti.” Dalhousie Collection of Cacti and Other Succulents. 24 August 2004. 24 February 2008. <http://cactus.biology.dal.ca/biology.html#spines> • Patriquin, David. “Economics of Cacti.” Dalhousie Collection of Cacti and Other Succulents. 24 August 2004. 24 February 2008. <http://cactus.biology.dal.ca/economics.html> • “South Shale Ridge and Endangered Cactus Temporarily Saved from Oil and Gas Drilling.” Center for Native Ecosystems. 24 February 2008. <http://www.nativeecosystems.org/newsroom/south-shale-ridge-and-endangered-cactus-temporarily- saved-from-oil-and-gas-drilling> • Wallace, Robert S. “A Brief Synopsis of Evolution in the Cactus Family.” Iowa State University. 24 February 2008. <http://www.labs.agilent.com/botany/cacti_etc/html/evolution.html> • Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. “The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.” 14th February 2008.24 February 2008. <http://delta-intkey.com>

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