Presentation Transcript

1. ACFID Disability-Inclusive Development

2. Human Rights and Quality of Life What are rights and how do they shape quality of life?
3. Identifying human rights issues for people with disability You have each been given a case study of a person with a disability. With a partner review any rights issues the person may have or is likely to experience. What issues might arise at different stages of life? What about gender? Different types of disability?
4. The Global Context 10% of people live with disability (UNDP 2006). People with disability constitute one of the largest and poorest groups among people living in poverty (Sarbib, 2005). Of the 600 million people with disability worldwide, 400 million live in the Asia Pacific region and it is estimated that 70-80% live below the poverty line making them one of the largest disadvantaged groups among the so-called vulnerable groups in the world (Ilagan 2002).
5. The World Bank estimates that about 20% of the poorest of the poor are people with disability (Elwan 1999, UNESCAP 2002). People with disability face a much higher risk of poverty, and in turn, the poor experience a higher risk of functional limitation and impairments. People with a disability are disproportionately poor, and poor people are disproportionately disabled (The World Bank 2007:2-3).
6. Rates of poverty are significantly higher in households with a person with a disability (Work Bank 2007:1) The link between disability and poverty and social exclusion is direct and strong throughout the world (Quinn and Degener et al 2002, UNESCO)
7. As many as 50% of disabilities are preventable and are directly linked to poverty (Raijmakers, 2005). Disability affects not only the individual, but their families and communities. The lives of 25% of the population in poorer regions of the world are believed to have been impacted by disability – this represents a significant burden on the potential of productive human capital (Raijmakers, 2005).
8. 98% of children with a disability in developing countries are denied any formal education (Harris 2003:209, Yeo 2001, quoted in Rhodes 2005:26). 80% of PWD have not access to health care services (WHO 2006). 2% of PWD can access rehabilitation services, and 80% of needs can be meet in the community (Dutch Coalition on Disability and Development).
9. The incidence of disability is increasing due to population growth, ageing, chronic conditions, malnutrition, injuries caused by war, landmines, violence, particularly domestic violence, AIDS, environmental degradation, road traffic accidents (Fifty-Eighth World Health Assembly 2005, WHO 2006). 80-90% of PWD of working age are unemployed (Commission for Social Development, 2008). Chronic disease is the leading cause of death and disability in the Pacific (Pacific Islands Forum 2007).
10. Universal Declaration of Human Rights Signed by virtually every country in the world and underpins the philosophy and mission of many development agencies But disability largely ignored when human rights are under scrutiny Denial of right to express themselves, to make choices and access services Physical and psychological discrimination
11. Human Rights The rights of PWD are the same as those of people without disability. We are all potentially people with disability All people should have equal access to opportunity and services, as a right, be they women, older people, PWD, or members of ethnic minorities
12. International Recognition of Disability Issues Serious attention only given to disability issues in 1980s: UN International Year of Disabled Persons (1981) Extended to International Decade of Disabled People (1981-1993) Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons (1993-2002).
13. The Standard Rules 1993 UN established Standard Rules on Equalisation of Opportunities for Disabled People No monitoring mechanism and governments not implementing the Rules DPOs argued for separate convention defining and protecting rights of PWD
14. Disability and Rights Human rights of PWD entered development arena in mid 1990s International development agencies began to direct attention to poorest groups
15. UN Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities First legally binding disability standards setting tool Social development tool and human rights treaty Defines civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights and country obligations Monitoring committee
16. Biwako Millennium Framework for Action Drawn up at end of Asia and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons (1993-2002) Promotes an inclusive, barrier-free and rights-based society for PWDs in Asia and Pacific Guiding principle that PWD are ‘active agents and beneficiaries’ BMF adopted by Pacific Island Forum leaders
17. Legislation is not enough!! Claiming Rights Despite national and international frameworks recognising and respecting rights of PWD, the challenge of PWD claiming their rights remains PWD continue to experience poor access to employment, health care, education and freedom to express choice How can this gap be addressed?
18. Human Rights - summary Rights are universal (everyone has them) Rights are indivisible (you can not enjoy some rights if others are denied) Every right has a corresponding responsibility Rights are inalienable: you can’t buy or inherit them; we all have them because we are human We need to know what our rights (and responsibilities) are, in order to claim them for ourselves and to respect those of other people We have rights even when it seems we do not: even when they are being denied or abused Our perception of the importance of rights is based on our own needs; we value some rights more than others depending on our own situation
19. Models of Disability Charity Model Person with disability is not an agent of their own life but rather a recipient of care, cure, and protection Medical Model Person with disability purely as someone with a part of the body or mind which is not working and needs to be fixed or cured Economic Model Value based on productivity  Social Model People are disabled by society- aim is to remove barriers Human Rights Model Persons with disabilities should have access to everything within their society and community on an equal basis with others
20. Models of Disability Charity Model Person with disability is not an agent of their own life but rather a recipient of care, cure, and protection
21. Charity, or religious model In Kosovo, disability is traditionally interpreted according to religious beliefs: impairments are regarded as a punishment from God for a sin committed by oneself or one’s family. Having a relative who has a disability is a source of shame, often for the whole family. Disability can damage the marriage chances of siblings with disability, especially sisters. Consequently, some families keep their relatives with disability hidden from neighbours, visitors, and even other family members. Some people with disability live out their existence, such as it is, isolated in one room, at times even chained up.
22. Medical Model Person with disability purely as someone with a part of the body or mind which is not working and needs to be fixed or cured Disability reflecting consequences of impairment in terms of functional performance and activity by the individual Disabilities as disturbances at level of the person (WHO 1980:14)
23. The medical…just one dimension One young woman from Kosovo described the sense of liberation that she felt when, after many failed operations to lengthen one leg by 3cm to make it the same length as her other leg, she finally decided that this was unimportant. She and her leg were fine as they were. She turned her back on medical interventions and got on with the rest of her life: she became a hairdresser and beautician, building up a fine reputation. During the pre-war years of political and economic crisis in Kosovo, she supported her family from her own income.
24. Economic Model Value based on productivity  “How can I eat when I do not earn an income?” (Pheap, a woman with disability in Cambodia)
25. Social Model People are disabled by society- aim is to remove barriers
26. Social model ‘When I adopted the social model as a lens through which to see my life, I realised it brought certain responsibilities. No longer could I claim victim status at the mercy of the able-bodied community. I had now found a way of dealing with societies treatment of me. I had a tool which enabled me to redefine my experience. I now had a terminology and the language of oppressed people, which enabled me to belong and struggle against society’s attitude towards me’ (Boylan, E. 1991).
27. Social Models Disability as discrimination resulting from negative social attitudes and cultural assumptions as well as environmental barriers Discrimination leading to economic and social exclusion.
28. Human Rights Model Persons with disabilities should have access to everything within their society and community on an equal basis with others  ‘We cannot give the blind person sight. We can give the sighted person the ability to enable the blind person to do what s/he wants.’
29. UN Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities “Disability results from the interaction between persons with impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinders their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others” (Preambular paragraph e)
30. Rights-based approach Recognises that PWD have the same rights as other citizens, although their entitlements may frequently be denied to them Needs of PWD no different from those of other people Basic needs: Food, clean water, shelter, health care, education, income Psycho-social needs: friendships, reproductive rights, equal access to services and inclusion in community Political rights: to be able to organise, associate freely, to be represented, to have legal and voting rights
31. Fundamental needs: communication and mobility needs must be addressed first to ensure they are able to claim their other rights as equal citizens
32. Impairment and Exclusion Need to: address an individual’s specific needs for physical therapies and services resulting from their impairment, and measures to address social exclusion and discrimination. Taking a rights-based approach to disability means: considering the ways in which PWD are currently being excluded and denied their rights and addressing these barriers.
33. Human Rights Approach to Disability Inclusion Awareness Participation Comprehensive Accessibility Twin Track
34. Diversity of PWD UN Convention recognises the diversity of PWD: Range of impairments and functional capacities PWD live in a range of social, ethnic and religious contexts women with disability often experience double or triple discrimination
35. Key Messages Disability issues include sensitive terminology: knowing the definition of disability and using context appropriate terms, is important to building working relationships with stakeholders and beneficiaries Disability is a human rights issue. PWD want rights not charity.
36. Summary Points International and regional frameworks exist to uphold the rights of people with disability. Disability is an issue which affects all aspects of daily life. A multi-sectorial, poverty reduction and community ownership approach to including PWD is recommended (WHO 2005:2).
37. Defining Disability Defined based on International Classification of Functioning (ICF) A person will be considered impaired when they identify as having: Difficulty moving Difficulty seeing Difficulty hearing Difficulty speaking Difficulty communicating (other than hearing/speaking) Difficulty thinking/intellectual functioning
38. Including disability at Oxfam Australia ANCP requirement (people with disability must be included in ANCP funded programs, disability disaggregated data must be collected, must report to AusAID on the results of disability inclusion) It is part of OAU’s mandate (a rights-based approach demands equal participation of all and non-discrimination) and commitment to working with the most vulnerable ACFID Code of Conduct AusAID (2008) Development for All policy
39. It is an agency requirement: Inclusive disability program policy almost finalised Other mainstream ANGOs moving well in this area, and OAU is currently not compliant Globally, the UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities has been ratified by the Australian government and now we need to act to fulfil our obligations
40. UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities The Convention recognizes that: that women and girls with disabilities are often at greater risk, both within and outside the home of violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, a gender perspective needs to be incorporated in all efforts to promote the full enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms by persons with disabilities,
41. Key steps to disability mainstreaming Including people with disability is easy!! Ask: where are the people with disability? Think: how can we involve people with disability? Talk with them and let them decide how they would like to be included Create:awareness of disability Adapt:our systems to collect disaggregated data Make our practice compliant and accessible to all!
42. Funding disability mainstreaming Include: a budget line item for disability inclusion in each project Funding of disability inclusion would possibly cover: Awareness training for staff in the by Disabled People’s Organisations (DPOs) Engaging DPOs to assist Oxfam to collect disability disaggregated data Accessibility costs – depending on the kind of project (i.e. sign language translators, making equipment accessible, making large print materials, using audio)
43. How to mainstream disability into Women’s Leadership South Africa: Mapping current work Ask: Do our partners currently work with women with disability (WWD)? Is there a Disabled People’s Organisation here? Think: What do you know about WWD in South Africa? Include: WWD stories, experiences, voices Explore: What might transformational leadership mean for WWD?
44. East Sepik: Literacy for Women’s Empowerment Ask: Are women with disability involved in the literacy program? Why/why not? Share: information about the program with WWD and their families Invite a WWD to be on the program committee Adapt: physical spaces to make them accessible Teach: inclusive education principles together with the DPO
45. Oxfam Australia Sri Lanka program Sri Lanka Program’s Strategic Plan 2009-2013 prioritizes three thematic areas: 1- food security and sustainable livelihoods 2 – conflict mitigation, peace building and human security 3 – gender equality Work within a rights-based approach that places strong emphasis on community empowerment advocacy and networking and gender mainstreaming across the program
46. Country Context Civil war has affected the country since 1980s Recently armed conflict has come to a halt but underlying conflict dynamics continue Now there are 250,000 internally displaced people (IDPs) in the north 150,000 long-term refugees in India 100,000 Muslim IDPs awaiting resettlement
47. History OA began working in Sri Lanka in the 1970s Throughout the 1980s program focused on the thrift and credit cooperative sector Micro-credit schemes as a tool in poverty alleviation Despite success in this area, strategy was not reaching the ultra-poor
48. Reaching the poorest In the 1990s shift to an awareness raising and empowerment approach, targeting the poorest men and women Conflict affected areas were also included Consistently aimed to maintain a clear RBA, with emphasis on gender equality and increasing the contribution of women’s voices to decision-making processes
49. In the past decade…. Programmatic partnerships have been with CBOs at grass roots level CBOs as representatives of the poorest and most marginalised communities Rural focus Partnership with national level campaign organisations working on issues relating to globalisation, poverty and the environment
50. Tsunami Response OAus built temporary shelters to house people left homeless Where possible affected men and women were trained to assist in the re-building, including training women as carpenters
51. Program change following the 2004 tsunami Some of the worst affected areas were where OAus partners have been working Program expanded from <$1m before the tsumani to an average of $5m each year by 2007 Expansion into areas such as infrastructure and advocacy, transitional and permanent shelter, humanitarian and protection work with resumption of conflict in 2006
52. Biggest challenges… Sustainable resettlement amid complex land issues and persistent security issues Conflict has seen serious human rights abuses Social welfare system under considerable strain Diversion of resources to addressing conflict has meant poverty alleviation is often overlooked Reaching the poorest
53. Gender Sri Lankan women are under-represented at all levels of decision-making structures at all scales Despite impressive female literacy rates and good economic participation, women remain constrained by socio-cultural norms and practices War has greatly impacted upon women Inequality is very high
54. Program Vision Our vision is of a society which values and upholds gender equality, social justice and ethnic harmony, and where the poorest women and men are empowered to claim and exercise their rights By working through and with partners, not directly implementing
55. Values Determining programs by the rights and needs of communities Ensuring maximum community consultation, participation and decision-making Ensuring equity in all our programs, combating discrimination on the grounds of gender, ethnicity, caste, colour, disability, religious adherence, and recognising the intrinsic worth and dignity of every person with whom we work
56. Food Security and Sustainable Livelihoods (EJ) Despite achieving middle income country status, high levels of inequality persist and many communities not benefitted from growth Communities have poor access to land and capital Little voice and participation in economic and political processes Conflict, climate change and disasters Poor food security
57. Objectives Poorest and most marginalised women and men will have increased food security, wage and trading income, access to land rights and state entitlements, reduced production and living costs
58. Approach Promotion of home gardening and sustainable agricultural practices inducing system of rice intensification (SRI) How are PWD currently engaging in gardening and agriculture? What barriers are they facing? Raised garden beds Supportive devices eg sickle prosthetics Loans for seeds/other inputs Information sharing, inclusion in trainings ect Positive role models demonstrating capacity
59. Working with community groups on micro and small enterprises, increasing their access to markets and strengthening community marketing Access assessment at markets and on local transport Information sharing in appropriate formats Invite PWD to participate Engage with DPO Identify market niches for PWD Provide psycho-social support, confidence building as part of loans
60. Using revolving funds for sustainable income-generation activities Identify current attitudes to PWD in business Use positive role models to raise awareness Build confidence of people with disability and in the capacity of those with disability
61. Advocacy, campaigning and networking to increase access to government services, secure land and labour rights and access to resources Cross-sector approach taking disability out of health Awareness raising and training government staff Provide practical tools to show how to include disability in different sectors Document evidence of current situation of PWD
62. Developing skills for partners and community members Appropriate vulnerability assessment that includes disability Explore current attitudes to disability Explore appropriate technologies for inclusion
63. Gender Equality Gender equality as a fundamental human right Its absence leads directly to poverty and other injustices (material poverty, vulnerability to violence, lack of voice in family and community)
64. Objectives More women will have greater access to and decision making power over resources Control over all aspects of their lives Measureable reduction in level of violence in family and beyond Chance to actively participate and take leadership at all levels to achieve
65. Approach Awareness raising and training of women and men on gender issues Nuanced approach to gender (disability/ethnicity) Integrate disability into gender training Promoting strategies to reduce violence against women and children Identify specific vulnerabilities of WWD Accessability assessment of any available services Raise awareness of disability in health services Provide appropriate information Income generation activities Carers support programs
66. Building solidarity that supports women to take action to claim their rights Link with DPOs Positive role models What would be supportive for WWD? Engaging men to skill them up to become advocates for women’s rights, particularly GBV
67. Supporting women’s participation, decision-making and leadership in the community Focusing on access and control of resources and increasing value of women’s labour Focusing on reproductive health and women’s control over their bodies What specific issues are WWD facing? Sterilisation? Forced abortion? Rape?
68. Networking and advocacy, particularly seeking justice beyond the community Promoting research and analysis Promoting gender mainstreamining as a cross-cutting goal in the organisation and throughout all programs
69. Conflict mitigation, peace building and human security (RIC, ES) Conflict as a large obstacle to development, primary driver of poverty and vulnerability Conflict particularly impacts women and marginalised groups Tsumani and other natural disasters also affect human security
70. Objectives (1) Communities affected by conflict will be empowered to promote inter-ethnic understanding, address and reduce causes of conflict and abuses arising from it, and gain greater accountability from all actors of human rights violations through increased community capacity to express and demand rights
71. Objectives (2) The immediate impact of disasters will be minimised through improved capacity for communities, partners and OAus to mount rapid, effective and rights-focused emergency relief response and resettlement programs
72. Approach Promoting inter-ethnic harmony by working with different ethnic communities through language learning, exposure visits, creating spaces for dialogue Addressing protection and rights issues of women, men and children, including establishing and supporting community-based networks
73. Conducting humanitarian responses and community-based DRR which will include fast, flexible and accountable relief, community mobilisation and strengthening for humanitarian response Awareness raising on IDP rights and entitlements, capacity and vulnerability mapping, networking for advocacy work
74. Cross-cutting approaches Community empowerment OAuswill work to increase the number and strength of rights-focused organisations working with the poorest To mobilise and give voice Claiming rights
75. Advocacy and networking Work to ensure communities, partners and OA achieve progress in networking, alliance building and advocacy Strengthen alliances across country and in number of successful pro-poor, pro-women and pro-marginalised changes at all scales Equip partners with information about obligations of duty bearers and entitlements of rights holders as found in national and international law
76. Gender mainstreaming Develop and implement gender sensitive policies and support partners to do the same Create an enabling environment where men and women work on basis of gender equality and respect Provide gender training to all staff Ensure job descriptions gender sensitive Establish gender sensitive grievance mechanisms Move toward gender balancing staff