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Comparing Patriarchies

This analysis explores the evolution of patriarchal structures in Han Dynasty China and Ancient Greece, particularly Athens and Sparta. It delves into Confucian ideology, the delineation of male and female spheres, and the societal roles of women during the Han era, highlighting their responsibilities and occasional power. The paper contrasts this with women's experiences in Spartan and Athenian society, where autonomy and participation varied significantly. Key figures such as Empress Wu and cultural influences from Daoism and Buddhism illustrate the complexities of gender roles and social structures across these civilizations.

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Comparing Patriarchies

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  1. Comparing Patriarchies AP World Fall 2013 Mr. Owen and Mr. Colden

  2. Changing Patriarchy: The Case of China

  3. The Han and Confucianism • Han Dynasty incorporated Confucian ideology • Confucianism  • Pairs of opposites incorporated into patriarchy • Yang (Masculine) • Heaven, rulers, strength, rationality, light • Yin (Feminine) • Earth, subjects, weakness, emotion, darkness • Men’s sphere = Public ; Women’s sphere = home • “Three obediences”

  4. Ban Zhao • Three customs for the birth of girl • Placed below the bed = “Lowly and Weak” • Given broken pottery toy = “her duty was to be industrious” • Birth announced to ancestors = responsible for “continuation of [ancestor] worship at home” • Get ready for more fun in… Document 5.1

  5. Exceptions to Subordination • A few women had considerable power • Several led peasant rebellions • Honor given to mothers of Sons • Dowry was regarded as women’s property • Women valued as textile producers • Wives had high status than concubines • Peasant women labored in fields despite ideal of seclusion

  6. Some officials blame women for collapse of Empire

  7. China after the Han • Han Dynasty reigns from 206 BCE – 220 CE • Era of disunity • Followed by a brief Sui Dynasty (581 CE – 618 CE) • Tang Dynasty (618 CE -907 CE) • Nomadic people of Northern China • Nomads and gender Roles

  8. Changing Patriarchy of Tang • Confucianism discredited • Daoism and Buddhism attracted new following • Daoism • Buddhism • Elite women found new powers • Capable of handling legal affairs • Inheriting property • Riding horses • Empress Wu (690 – 705 CE) • Restrictions will return with the Song

  9. Contrasting Patriarchies: Athens and Sparta

  10. Spartan Background • Athens • Unprecedented participation in political life • Male dominated • Definitions of citizen? • Aristotle • Sparta • Spartan expansion led to threat of rebellion • Helots • Emergency of a military regime.

  11. Athens vs. Sparta Wrap-up • Women were freer in Sparta despite militarized state and more secluded in Democratic Athens • How does this challenge our ideas of emerging patriarchy?

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