Niken Sakuntaladewi , Meine van Noordwijk , Fahmuddin Agus , Elok Mulyoutami

1. The 2nd World Congress of Agroforestry Nairobi, 24 – 28 August 2009 “Agroforestry – The Future of Global Land Use” Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian Department of Forestry Indonesia NikenSakuntaladewi, Meine van Noordwijk, FahmuddinAgus, ElokMulyoutami

2. INDONESIA – GENERAL PICTURE Total land area: 190 million ha State forest area: 120 million ha POPULATION • Total: 220 million people (2005) • 48.8 million people (12%) live in & around forest area, mostly farming ~ swiddening. • 10.2 million people are in a poor econ. condition • 120 million ha State Forest • Protection forest (26%): HKm, Village Forest • Production forest (53%): HKm, Village Forest, • People Plantations • Conservation forest (21%)

3. SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE 6. Rubber Agroforest 5. Planting paddy rice, corn, leave rubber/rattan grow < < < 4. Harvesting > Intensive tree crops 7. Fallow period < > > 2. Planting paddy rice, corn 1. Land preparation 3. Planting rubber/rattan

4. SWIDDEN CULTIVATION • Definition: land that is cleared of woody vegetation for temporary production of staple food crops mixed w/ other annual trees and or perennials useful for local use and/or markets. • Characteristics: alternate food crops and perennial/annual vegetation, temporary production of staple food crops, fallow period. • Length cycle: varies, 30 – 50 yrs (intensive tree crops - rubber)

5. SWIDDEN CULTIVATION Three Policy Domain with regard to swidden systems and their transformations • ‘Swidden Cultivation’ is changed voluntarily into ‘intensive tree crops - rubber/coffee etc or rice field (Jambi, Central Kalimantan) B. ‘Swidden Cultivation’ is being stopped with government policy before other alternative is ready (Halimun, West Java) C. ‘Swidden Cultivation’ is still important for local economy and is accepted by the local government (Papua)

6. SWIDDEN CULTIVATIONResearch findings Source: Tomich at al.1999; Palm et al.2005 d: diameter; h:heigh Source: Made Hesti Lestari Tata, 2008

7. SWIDDEN CULTIVATIONResearch findings • Dynamic system • Has continued technological innovation • and further adaption • Has economic rational in returns to labor • Provides/can be environmentally sound • Culturally accepted • (Fox. 2000, Mertz. 2000, Noordwijk et al. 2008, Nugraha. 2005, Palm et al. 2005, Tomich et al. 1999) Tembawang Tembawang Oil Palm Paddy rice Oil palm & paddy rice

8. Swidden agriculture & its dynamics in scheme  REDD SWIDDEN CULTIVATION IN REDD SCHEME Forest (International Definition for Kyoto protocol under UNFCCC): 1) Tree crown cover (10-30%), tree height (2-5 m), 2) but this is potential rather than actual, 3) ‘temporarily unstocked forest’ is still forest as long as trees are expected to grow Longer cycle in fallow rotation AF Permanent AF Shorter cycle REDD REDD +

9. THE CONCERN ~ SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE GOVERNMENT • Driver of deforestation • Backward agricultural practice & culture • No support for economic growth • Smoke (from burning) affect health, hinders sosec. actv., affect relationship w/ neigboring countries • No adm. boundary  difficult for the GoI to plan for national development Not suitable for current condition  permanent cultivation SWIDDENERS • Fallow  improve soil fertility • Burning  cheap techn. for land preparation. • Fulfill (part of) the family needs • Involved local knowledge/wisdom • Customary boundary Smoke was never a problem, before, why now? Is there any agric. practice that brings the soil fertility back at a low cost?

10. Swidden Cultivation ~ Timber Plantation • Not natural and not permanent forest • Tree cover • Deforestation and degradation ~ qualitative term

11. INDONESIA FORESTRY & REDDAn Overview Ministerial Decree no. 30 year 2009 on REDD • Forest defn: an ecosystem within a landscape dominated by trees • Location for REDD (~ swidden): HKm area; people plantations area; customary forest; private forest; village forest • REDD implementer: managers /owners/permit holders of the above REDD locations **) data and information of forest area & C-stock; bio-physic & ecology; threat to forest resources; socio-econ & culture; economic feasibility; governance

12. SWIDDEN IN REDD SCHEME:SOME CHALLENGES • Swiddening is not a driver of deforestation (~International forest definition & scope of REDD), but forest institutions do not interpret it this way • It is important not only to concentrates on sustainable forest management but also sustainable livelihood side • It requires a landscape-scale assessment rather than focus on ‘forest’ for intensifying agriculture and short-cycle tree plantations in one part of the landscape and increasing management cycle lengths (extensifying forest management) elsewhere can contribute to overall emission reduction

13. SWIDDEN IN REDD SCHEME:SOME CHALLENGES • The voice and perceptions of local stakeholders involved in swiddens and its alternatives need to be heard. The strong perceptions and values of dominant ‘public/policy ecological knowledge’ prevent a fact-based approach • Current implementation procedures for REDD in Indonesia focus on forest management and planning procedures that are difficult to achieve for local stakeholders. A stronger focus on outcome-base approaches and less reliance on input-planning is needed to bring local stakeholders on board.