Levels of Categorization

1. Week 5 Levels of Categorization

2. thing vehicle car Mazda Mazda 3i Sedan more specific

3. thing vehicle car Mazda Mazda 3i Sedan In everyday life (e.g., when describing an accident), which level would you typically use? more specific

4. Scientific Classification: Biology more specific

5. Tzeltal Plant Classification number of categories plant 1 broad-leafed plant, etc. 4 bean, etc. 471 common bean, etc. 273 red common bean, etc. 8

6. Tzeltal Plant Classification number of categories plant 1 broad-leafed plant, etc. 4 bean, etc. 471 common bean, etc. 273 red common bean, etc. 8 Most numerous Most commonly known

7. Tzeltal Plant Classification (p. 68) plant tree, vine, grass, broad-leafed plant pine, …, bean, etc. common bean, etc. red common bean, etc. x Not in superordinate level! Inclusion in generic level reflects its cultural importance.  preferred (i.e., most natural) cognitive perspective

8. Tzeltal Plant Classification number of categories How many levels do you typically use when talking about plants? plant 1 broad-leafed plant, etc. 4 bean, etc. 471 common bean, etc. 273 red common bean, etc. 8

9. Basic Level ANIMAL DOG POODLE, DACHSUND, GREYHOUND superordinate level basic level subordinate level

10. Basic Level ANIMAL DOG POODLE, DACHSUND, GREYHOUND superordinate level basic level subordinate level Includes things that are very different Includes things that are very similar

11. Basic Level ANIMAL DOG POODLE, DACHSUND, GREYHOUND superordinate level basic level subordinate level Includes things that are very different Maximizes similarity within the category and difference with other categories Includes things that are very similar

12. Basic Level ANIMAL DOG POODLE, DACHSUND, GREYHOUND superordinate level basic level subordinate level Includes things that are very different Maximizes similarity within the category and difference with other categories Includes things that are very similar

13. Basic Level ANIMAL DOG POODLE, DACHSUND, GREYHOUND superordinate level basic level subordinate level Includes things that are very different Cognitive economy: The most information for the least effort Maximizes similarity within the category and difference with other categories Includes things that are very similar

14. Basic Level DOG In terms of a Gestalt, this level is distinctive in terms of its shape. basic level Cognitive economy: The most information for the least effort Maximizes similarity within the category and difference with other categories

15. Basic Level DOG In terms of a Gestalt, this level is distinctive in terms of its shape. basic level Cognitive economy: The most information for the least effort Maximizes similarity within the category and difference with other categories At this level, there’s a distinctive behavior and a distinctive type of interaction with human beings.

16. Which level is easier to mime? superordinate level (clothing) basic level (hat) subordinate level (types of hats)

17. Basic Level basic level * The basic level can be more specific if the item is more important in the culture.

18. Levels of Categorization and Prototypes basic level At this level, the prototypes are most fully developed. (This is why they function as they do.) This level reflects our typical experience and interaction with the world.

19. Levels of Categorization and Prototypes superordinate level  deficient No underlying gestalt (can’t be visualized) Gestalt features must be borrowed from basic level. The borrowed attributes often entail a family resemblance structure.

20. Levels of Categorization and Prototypes What do you notice about words at superordinate and basic level?

21. Levels of Categorization and Prototypes What do you notice about words at superordinate and basic level? simpler words In L1A, these words are learned first.

22. Levels of Categorization and Prototypes Share general function (e.g., covering body) but have different parts Characteristics of the parts are different.

23. Levels of Categorization and Prototypes Subordinate level: It’s hard for a non-specialist to identify a prototype (e.g., a prototype of a “hardhat” for example.)

24. Levels of Categorization and Prototypes Subordinate level: Most features are borrowed from the basic level.

25. Levels of Categorization and Prototypes Superordinate level  Tends to highlight an attribute (e.g., things you play with)

26. What’s the relationship between elements of kanji and the three levels? radicals 花 words with a single character with a kunyomi花 words with multiple characters that tend to have an onyomi杜鵑花

27. In Japan, what do children learn first? What kind of words tend to be scientific terms? radicals 花 words with a single character with a kunyomi花 words with multiple characters that tend to have an onyomi杜鵑花

28. 杜 鵑 花 杜鵑花

29. Scientific Text • Perennials, (10–)30–400(–600+ in fruit) cm (sexual or apomictic); taprooted or with branched caudices. Stems (1–10+) erect or ascending, scapiform (terete), simple (hollow), glabrous or villous proximal to heads. Leaves basal (in rosettes, erect or patent to nearly horizontal); petiolate or sessile; blades oblong to obovate or oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, runcinate or lyrate (bases cuneate to ± attenuate), margins subentire to dentate or pinnately lobed (apices rounded or obtuse to acute or acuminate, faces glabrous or glabrate to sparsely villous, pilose, or villosulous). Heads borne singly. Calyculi persistent, of (6–)8–18(–20) broadly ovate to lanceolatebractlets in (1–)2–3 series, distinct (appressed before flowering, recurved to spreading or reflexed in fruit), unequal (shorter than phyllaries, margins scarious, ciliate or not, apices corniculate, callous, or either). Involucrescampanulate to cylindro-campanulate or urceolate to cylindric, 8–40 mm diam. Phyllaries 7–25 in 2(–3) series, weakly coherent proximally in buds (interlocking folded margins), distinct later, erect (sometimes slightly spreading) in flower, closing at fruit maturation, reflexed at dispersal (exposing globes of cypselae with fully spread pappi), ± equal, herbaceous, glabrous; inner lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, margins scarious, ciliate or not, apices acuminate, sometimes corniculate, callous, or flat. 

30. Scientific Text • Perennials, (10–)30–400(–600+ in fruit) cm (sexual or apomictic); taprooted or with branched caudices. Stems (1–10+) erect or ascending, scapiform (terete), simple (hollow), glabrous or villous proximal to heads. Leaves basal (in rosettes, erect or patent to nearly horizontal); petiolate or sessile; blades oblong to obovate or oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, runcinate or lyrate (bases cuneate to ± attenuate), margins subentire to dentate or pinnately lobed (apices rounded or obtuse to acute or acuminate, faces glabrous or glabrate to sparsely villous, pilose, or villosulous). Heads borne singly. Calyculi persistent, of (6–)8–18(–20) broadly ovate to lanceolatebractlets in (1–)2–3 series, distinct (appressed before flowering, recurved to spreading or reflexed in fruit), unequal (shorter than phyllaries, margins scarious, ciliate or not, apices corniculate, callous, or either). Involucrescampanulate to cylindro-campanulate or urceolate to cylindric, 8–40 mm diam. Phyllaries 7–25 in 2(–3) series, weakly coherent proximally in buds (interlocking folded margins), distinct later, erect (sometimes slightly spreading) in flower, closing at fruit maturation, reflexed at dispersal (exposing globes of cypselae with fully spread pappi), ± equal, herbaceous, glabrous; inner lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, margins scarious, ciliate or not, apices acuminate, sometimes corniculate, callous, or flat.  Notice the heavy use of superordinate terms.

31. Cinderella • Once upon a time there lived an unhappy young girl. Her mother was dead and her father had married a widow with two daughters. Her stepmother didn't like her one little bit. All her kind thoughts and loving touches were for her own daughters. Nothing was too good for them - dresses, shoes, delicious food, soft beds, and every home comfort. But, for the poor unhappy girl, there was nothing at all. No dresses, only her stepsisters’ hand-me-downs. No lovely dishes, nothing but scraps. No rest and no comfort. She had to work hard all day. Only when evening came was she allowed to sit for a while by the fire, near the cinders. That’s why everybody called her Cinderella. Most nouns are basic level terms.