Stalin’s Cult of Personality

1. EMANUEL MARCANO & LUIS ODON Stalin’s Cult of Personality

2. “Intense devotion to a particular person” – www.princeton.edu • “The unique position Stalin attained and the power he possessed to shape the Communist state and the lives of the people in the Soviet Union” - Fiehn • By the end of the 1940sStalin was literally everywhere • Presented as Lenin’s heir and the sole interpreter of party ideology • Vozhd – The Leader; a genius with great wisdom and even prophetic powers What is a Cult of Personality

3. Economic and political circumstances of the 1930s • Disruption and disorientation brought by the Five-Year Plans, Collectivization, and the Purges • Former heroes were revealed as traitors • “Saboteurs” were everywhere • The image of Stalin reassured the people that they had a strong leader to take them through these tough times • It held Soviet society together Why?

4. In the 1920’s Bolshevik leadership was portrayed as an anonymous collective body making joint decisions • Few pictures of the leaders were seen • In the late 1920s Stalin was seen as cold and distant • Full-blown cult began around 1933-1934 • From 1935 Stalin could only be referred to in positive idolizing terms Origins

5. 1924-1929  Origins of the cult • Wants to appear as a hard-working man of moderation • Tsaritsyn renamed Stalingrad in 1925 (now Volgograd) • 1929-1933  Cult Underway • Stalin portrayed as Lenin’s faithful pupil and companion-in-arms • Huge portraits of Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin begin to appear Timeline

6. 1933-1939  Cult Fully Established • Paintings, poems, and sculptures used to promote cult • Socialist Realism • The History of the All-Union Communist Party • Post 1945  Height of the cult • Power cemented by his success as a war leader • Childhood home becomes a shrine • Portraits show him as a god-like figure, superior and apart Timeline

7. History of the All-Union Communist Party published in 1938 • Main history text for educational institutions across the USSR • Stalin given more important role in the October Revolution as chief companion to Lenin, his closest friend and disciple • Trotsky given little credit and demoted to the role of bourgeois opportunist and given little credit • Old Bolsheviks, especially Bukharin and his supporters, were designated ‘enemies of the people’ or relegated to minor roles • All leaders dwarfed except Lenin and Stalin Rewriting History

8. When a speech of Stalin’s was published on a series of gramophone records, one side of one of the records consisted entirely of applause. • “…somebody told me he was the best surgeon. He could perform a brain operation better that anyone else, and I believed it. I knew that he was busy with other things, but if he wanted to do it he would be better.” Stories

9. Benefactor: Stakhanovites, soldiers, and young intelligentsia grateful to him, because they had acquired their status despite humble origins. Admired as the prime agent in achieving the astounding changes brought about by industrialization and collectivization. • Traditional defender of the people: Millions of letters and petitions sent to him. Officialdom was riddled with corruption and the vozhd was on the people’s side. • Charismatic Leader: Perceived as demi-god possessing superhuman abilities and superhuman wisdom. Reaction

10. Mao • Kim Il-Sung – Kim Jon-Il – Kim Jong-Un • Muammar Gadhafi • Nicolae Ceausescu • Hafez/Bashr al-Assad • Ho Chi Minh Other Famous (or infamous) Cults of Personality