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Concepts

Concepts. Geography I. POPULATION. Distribution. spread across surface uneven and changes dot map dots represent people crowded sparcely populated. POPULATION. Dot map. 1 dot represents 100 000 people. Density. number of people per km 2 total population/area choropleth map

rosalyn-lynch
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Concepts

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  1. Concepts Geography I

  2. POPULATION

  3. Distribution spread across surface uneven and changes dot map dots represent people crowded sparcely populated POPULATION

  4. Dot map 1 dot represents 100 000 people

  5. Density number of people per km2 total population/area choropleth map generalisation hide concentrations POPULATION

  6. Choropleth map Over 500 people per km2 200/500 people per km2 100/199 people per km2

  7. POPULATION

  8. POPULATION

  9. Population growth death rate birth rate natural increase natural decrease POPULATION

  10. Demographic transition model total population population change birth rate death rate natural increase natural decrease four stages POPULATION

  11. The demographic transition model Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5

  12. Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 very hight fluctuating birth and death rates birth rate very hight, death rate falling rapidly birth rate falling rapidly, death rate falling slowly birth and death rates falling slowly POPULATION

  13. Population structures population pyramid: birth rate death rate life expectancy age groups males – females population growth POPULATION

  14. Population pyramid Stage 1 Life expectancy 65 Economicly active 15 Death rate males females Birth rate

  15. Population pyramid Life expectancy Stage 2 65 Economicly active 15 Death rate males females Birth rate

  16. Population pyramid Life expectancy Stage 3 65 Economicly active 15 Death rate males females Birth rate

  17. Population pyramid Life expectancy Stage 4 65 Economicly active 15 Death rate males females Birth rate

  18. Dependency ratio Non economically active (children 0-14 and elderly over 65) Economically active (working age 15-64) 100 =dependency ratio (how many dependent for 100 working age) POPULATION

  19. Population trends population explosion always growing LEDCs more rapidly only estimates fastest growth – Africa, Asia and Latin America slowest growth – Europe, North America and Australasia most population live in Asia POPULATION

  20. Changing population structures Too many under 15s stages 2 – 3 high birth rates proportion 40% work on farms infant mortality rate religion lack of education contraceptives POPULATION

  21. Changing population structures Too few under 15s approaching stage 5 natural decrease replacement rate workers technology services social care for elderly one-child policy POPULATION

  22. Changing population structures Ageing population increase in life expectancy standard, hygiene, health care diet, medical knowledge proportion 20% amount of money services POPULATION

  23. MIGRATION

  24. MIGRATION

  25. MIGRATION

  26. net migration gain net migration loss MIGRATION • migration balance emigrants immingrants emigrants immingrants

  27. Voluntary migration employment pioneers territorial expansion better climate social amenities family MIGRATION

  28. Forced migration persecution war slaves discrimination famine disasters overpopulation MIGRATION

  29. Refugees forced migration 15 million 80% developing bad conditions MIGRATION

  30. Economic migrants voluntary assimilation labour shortage restriction ethnic minority concentration/segregation MIGRATION

  31. Differences: wealth education colour religion quality of environment MIGRATION Economic migrants • Difficulties: • housing • education • jobs • discrimination • crime

  32. Push factors: poor-quality housing decline of industries poorly paid jobs poor transport links pollution fewer social amenities MIGRATION Urban-to-rural migration • Pull factors: • better housing • footloose industries • better paid jobs • better transport links • better services • cultural amenities

  33. Counterurbanisation reverse direction dormitory settlements commuter settlements suburbanised villages MIGRATION

  34. Reasons: employment housing changed family status environment factors social factors MIGRATION Counterurbanisation • Which groups: • higher income • higher skills • better qualified • parents – young families

  35. MIGRATION

  36. Settlement

  37. Site Situation point local relief soil water supply resources surrounding features determines growth Settlement

  38. Situation wet-point site dry-point site building material defence fuel supply food supplies nodal points bridging points shelter and aspect Settlement

  39. increasingly rural increasingly urban

  40. Settlement

  41. several mill. Hierarchy distance appart over 200 km 100-200 km 50-100 km 20-50 km 5-10 km 2-3 km 500 metres 1000,000, 1-2 mill. 100,000 10,000-20,000 several hundred 5/6 buildings 1 family

  42. Hierarchy population size range of services number of services sphere of influence threshold population range Settlement

  43. Range of services

  44. Sphere of influence Settlement hamlet village town

  45. Urbanisation Settlement

  46. Urbanisation Settlement

  47. Land use and functional zones land value space competition - demand age accessibility wealth of inhabitants Settlement

  48. Urbanisation Settlement CBC – hirgh-rise, shops, banks, offices inner city - terraced housing, 19th cent. industry, low quality h. inner city – high-rise flats, redeveloped outer suberbs – interwar medium, postwar high-quality housing, edge of the city – green belt, greenfield, commuter villages

  49. Central business district the oldest and most accessible limited space shops, banks and offices high-rise building shops with high profit margin and threshold population congestion Settlement

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