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The Greatest and Most Destructive Element in the Development of Nationalism: The Italian Unification

This chapter explores the factors that contributed to the unification of Italy and the impact of nationalism on the development of the nation. It discusses the role of key figures such as Giuseppe Mazzini, Camillo di Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi in the unification process. It also examines the positive effects of the Italian unification, such as industrialization, government infrastructure, and voting reforms, as well as the social and economic challenges faced by the newly unified Italy.

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The Greatest and Most Destructive Element in the Development of Nationalism: The Italian Unification

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  1. Which of these elements is the greatest unifying and most destructive in the development of nationalism? Why?

  2. Chapter 10.1 Italian Unification Main Idea In the 1800s, Italian states rebelled against Austria and unified as the Kingdom of Italy.

  3. Italian Peninsula had not been unified since fall of Roman Empire 500 A.D. Most spoke same language Each with own government Napoleon invaded Italy 1. United many states under one government 2. Unification did not last 3. After Napoleon’s defeat, Congress of Vienna split Italian states Cause #1 Nationalism

  4. CAUSE #2- Congress of Vienna • Congress of Vienna tried to maintain old Europe, old relationships • 1800s, Spirit of nationalism began to rise through Europe • Due to bad decisions made at Congress of Vienna • C of V ignored national groups, placing them under control of large empires • some empires included different ethnic groups • CAUSE #3- Foreign Rule • Italians split into three groups • northern Italy under Austrian rule, • other states under Hapsburgs • still others under a French ruler • Italian nationalism grew in opposition to these conditions

  5. Young Italy Secret Societies • 1831, Giuseppe Mazzini, launched nationalist group called Young Italy to fight for unification of Italian states • Mazzini had been exiled but smuggled patriotic pamphlets into Italy • Young Italy attracted tens of thousands of Italians to cause of unification • Italian artists, writers, thinkers became interested in celebrating Italy’s cultural traditions • Others formed secret societies to work for political change, plotted to overthrow Austrian government in Italy Major Event #1- Mazzini and Young Italy

  6. ME # 2- Revolutions Cavour and Sardinia • 1848, Revolutions spread in Europe • Italy,France, Germany, Denmark, Austria-Hungary, Netherlands • In some Italian states, citizens rebelled against Austrian rule • 1. Piedmont declared war against Austria, fought for year, was defeated • 2. Others seized Rome, 1849; French troops helped pope regain control • Only successful revolt was in Sardinia • Rulers forced to grant new constitution; Sardinia remained independent • Camillo di Cavour emerged as important leaders of Italian unification • Founded nationalist newspaper, Il Risorgimento—“resurgence” or “rebirth” The Path Toward Unity As Italian nationalism grew, some Italians led unsuccessful rebellions. Then two men rose to lead a successful movement to unify Italy.

  7. Sardinia and Italy • Kingdom of Sardinia • 1852, Cavour became prime minister of independent Kingdom of Sardinia • Worked to rebuild economy in Sardinia • Supported France in war with Russia • Gave France provinces of Savoy, Nice • MAJOR EVENT #3 France’s Support • France agreed to support Sardinia in war against Austria • 1860, northern Italian states liberated from control of Austrian Empire

  8. MAJOR EVENT #4 Garibaldi and the Red Shirts • Sword of Italy • Many Italians consider Cavour “brain” of Italian unification, Mazzini “heart” • Giuseppe Garibaldi has been called “sword” of Italy • Garibaldi joined Young Italy movement, 1833 • Exile • Nationalist activities forced Garibaldi to flee Italy twice • Learned techniques of guerilla warfare while living in South America • Returned to Italy often to continue fight to free Italy from Austrian domination • Return • 1854, Garibaldi returned for good • Cavour asked to lead part of Sardinian army in war against Austria • After bitter fighting, Austrians agreed to give up Lombardy, retaining Venetia

  9. Unification The Red Shirts • 1861, territories held elections, most agreed to unification • Venetia, still belonging to Austria • Papal States, under French troops supporting pope • 1866, Prussia defeated Austria, gave Venetia to Italy • 1870, Prussia forced French to withdraw from Rome • 1871 Italian completed unification under King Victor Emmanuel • Followers known as Red Shirts because of colorful uniforms • By 1860, using guerilla warfare, Garibaldi, Red Shirts gained control of • Island of Sicily • Naples • Red Shirts now controlled southern part Italian peninsula • Garibaldi offered Kingdom of Two Sicilies to Sardinian king Victor Emmanuel Control and Elections ME #5

  10. POSITIVE EFFECTS • Industrialization- particularly in north • Passed reforms including • laws limiting work hours • prohibiting child labor • Government Infrastructure • building transportation • water systems to improve cities, encourage industry • Voting Reforms • 1870, only wealthiest Italian men could vote • By late 1800s most adult male taxpayers could vote

  11. Social, Economic Problems Poverty, Emigration • Strong regional differences led to lack of unity • Southern Italians resented being governed by Rome • Catholic Church did not recognize Italy as legitimate nation • Poverty • Caused many to emigrate • 1880s, large numbers left Italy, many for Americas • Violence and rioting due to • Unemployment • rising taxes NEGATIVE EFFECTS- In the years after unification, Italy faced many new challenges.

  12. Which of these elements is the greatest unifying and most destructive in the development of nationalism? Why?

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