Table of Contents

1. Chapter 21 Ecosystems Table of Contents Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems

2. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes Chapter 21 Objectives • Identify the eight major biomes. • Compare tundra with taiga. • Compare the different kinds of forests. • Compare the different kinds of grasslands. • Describe the adaptations of desert organisms.

3. Biome • Large terrestrial ecosystems that contain a number of smaller but related ecosystems. • Similar climate and inhabitants with similar adaptations. • Commonly identified by their dominant plant life.

4. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes Chapter 21 The Major Biomes • The major types of terrestrial ecosystems, known as biomes,are: • Tundra • Tropical forest • Temperate forest • Taiga • Temperate grassland • Savanna • Chaparral • Desert

5. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes Chapter 21 Earth’s Major Biomes

6. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes Chapter 21 Tundra • Tundra is a cold and largely treeless biome characterized by permafrost under the surface of the ground. • Small plants (mosses, grasses) • Caribou, musk oxen, snowy owls, arctic, foxes, lemmings, and snowshoe hares. (Summer: birds, insects).

7. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes Chapter 21 Tundra

8. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes Chapter 21 Forests • Tropical Forests • Tropical forests receive abundant rainfall and have stable temperatures. • They have a greater species richness than any other biome. • Tropical Rain Forests • Tropical Dry Forests

9. Competition for Light • Canopy: continuous layer of tree tops that shades the for forest floor. • Epiphytes: small plants that live on tree branches (mosses, orchids, bromeliads) • Use other organisms for support but make their own food.

10. Species Richness • Highest of all biomes- contain about ½ of the worlds species! • One hectar of tropical rain forest – 300 species of trees. • Monkeys, snakes, lizards, birds, insects

11. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes Chapter 21 Tropical Rain Forest

12. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes Chapter 21 Forests, continued • Temperate Forests • Distinct seasons and moderate climate. • Temperate forests have coniferous trees, which bear seeds in cones, or deciduous trees, which shed their leaves each year.

13. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes Chapter 21 Forests, continued • Temperate Deciduous Forests • The trees in temperate deciduous forests shed all of their leaves in the fall. • Deciduous trees have broad thin leaves with a large surface area that permits maximum light absorption. • Birch, beech, maple, oak, hickory, sycamore, elm, willow, and cottonwood. • Bears, wolves, white-tailed deer, foxes, raccoons, squirrels. • Timber used for construction.

14. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes Chapter 21 Temperate Deciduous Forest

15. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes Chapter 21 Forests, continued • Taiga (boreal forest) • Taiga is cold but is warmer than tundra and receives more precipitation. • Taiga is dominated by coniferous forests. • Needle shape of leaves reduces water loss. • Moose, bear, wolves, lynxes, hares.

16. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes Chapter 21 Taiga

17. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes Chapter 21 Grasslands • Temperate Grasslands • Temperate grasslands occur in areas with cold winters and hot summers. • They are dominated by grasses and herds of grazing animals. (Bison)

18. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes Chapter 21 Grasslands, continued • Savanna • Savannas are tropical grasslands with alternating wet and dry seasons. • Scattered deciduous trees and shrubs. • They are dominated by herds of grazing animals. (herbivores: zebras, wildebeests, giraffes, gazelles, carnivores: lions, leopards, cheetahs)

19. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes Chapter 21 Savanna

20. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes Chapter 21 Grasslands, continued • Chaparral • Chaparral is found in coastal regions with warm, dry summers and mild winters. • It is dominated by dense, spiny shrubs.

21. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes Chapter 21 Grassland

22. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes Chapter 21 Deserts • Deserts receive less than 25 cm (9.9 in.) of precipitation per year. • Desert inhabitants have adaptations for conserving water. • Plants • leaves with waxy coating • Few stomata (openings in leaves) and open at night • Expandable body and needles for protection. • Animals • that hide in the shade or burrow • one active only at night.

23. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes Chapter 21 Desert