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Terpenes

Terpenes. Learning outcomes. Terpenes are unsaturated compounds formed by joining together isoprene units. Terpenes are components of a wide variety of fruit and floral flavours and aromas. Terpene derivatives are responsible for the distinctive aroma of spices. Terpenes.

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Terpenes

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  1. Terpenes

  2. Learning outcomes • Terpenes are unsaturated compounds formed by joining together isoprene units. • Terpenes are components of a wide variety of fruit and floral flavours and aromas. • Terpene derivatives are responsible for the distinctive aroma of spices.

  3. Terpenes • The name ‘terpene’ is derived from the Greek word ‘terebinth’. • Terebinth is a type of pine tree from which terpene-containing resins are obtained.

  4. What are terpenes? • Natural organic compounds. • Components of a variety of fruit and floral flavours and aromas. • Used in perfumes, essential oils and medicines.

  5. Essential oils contain terpenes • Lavender – used to relieve tension. • Ylang-ylang – used to treat anxiety. • Lemon oil – aids good circulation. • Essential oils often contain a mixture of terpenes.

  6. Spices contain terpenes • Terpenes in plants can be oxidised to produce the compounds responsible for the distinctive aroma of spices. • Terpenes containing oxygen or other functional groups are known as ‘terpenoids’. • Common spices containing terpenes include cloves, cinnamon and ginger.

  7. Terpenes are unsaturated • Terpenes are unsaturated compounds. • All terpenes are built up from units of isoprene.

  8. Isoprene • Isoprene is the common name for 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene

  9. Isoprene One isoprene unit contains five carbon atoms

  10. Building terpenes from isoprene Isoprene units can be linked: • head to tail to form linear terpenes • in rings to form cyclic terpenes.

  11. Myrcene – a linear terpene Head Tail Head Tail • Myrcene is a component of plants, including bay, ylang-ylang and thyme.

  12. Limonene – a cyclic terpene

  13. Menthol – a cyclic terpenoid This terpene has been oxidised to a terpenoid

  14. Absinthe – a cyclic terpenoid This terpene has been oxidised to a terpenoid

  15. Camphor – a cyclic terpenoid

  16. a-Selinene – a cyclic terpene 3 isoprene units 15 carbon atoms

  17. β-carotene – a linear terpene 8 isoprene units 40 carbon atoms

  18. Questions • Which unit makes up every terpene? • How many carbons are there in an isoprene unit? • What is the systematic name for isoprene? • What is an oxidised terpene known as?

  19. Answers • Which unit makes up every terpene? Isoprene unit • How many carbons there are in an isoprene unit? Five • What is the systematic name for isoprene? 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene • What is an oxidised terpene known as? Terpenoid

  20. Summary • Terpenes are unsaturated compounds formed by joining together isoprene units. • Terpenes are components in a wide variety of fruit and floral flavours and aromas. • Terpenes can be oxidised within plants to produce the compounds responsible for the distinctive aroma of spices.

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