HUMANITIES

1. HUMANITIES A versatile subject which consists of the seven arts: painting, sculpture, architecture, music and dance, literature, theatre and cinema. These seven arts are the branches of learning that will help you understand the study of the humanities.

2. It comes from the word “humanus” meaning human ,cultured and refined. To be human is to possess the qualities and attributes of man and have the feelings and dispositions proper to man. It is also a study of the different cultural aspects analyzes man’s frailties in life and how this can be improved. Culture basically includes speech, knowledge, beliefs, arts, technologies, ideals and rules. To be cultured means to be refined and well-versed in the arts, philosophy and languages. It is also a means of understanding man and his affairs.

3. ART Art is very vital in our daily existence. The arts are the concrete evidences in the study of humanities. The body of arts consists of ideas, beliefs and values of the past , present and even of the future. It comes from the Aryan root word, “AR” which means to join or to put together. The Latin term “ARS” means everything that is artificially made or composed by man. According to Leo Tolstoy, “art is a means of union among all men, a means of communication.” To Aristotle, “art has no other end but itself. All arts are patterned on nature. It is also the right reason for making things.”

4. The Scope of Humanities The humanities is a many-faceted subject. It consists of the visual arts, literature, drama and theatre, music and dance. 1.The visual arts are those we perceive with our eyes. They may be classified into two groups: Graphic arts-two-dimensional surface. This term covers any form of visual artistic representation especially painting, drawing, photography, etc… b. Plastic arts- three-dimensional surface. This group includes all fields of visual arts in which materials are organized into three-dimensional forms like architecture, landscape architecture, interior design, sculpture crafts, industrial design, dress and costume design, theatre design, etc…

5. 2. Literature is the art of combining spoken or written words and their meanings into forms which have artistic and emotional appeal. • Drama-a story re-created by actors on stage in front of an audience. • Prose Fiction- includes narratives created by an author as distinguished from true accounts. • Essay-a non-fiction expository writing ranging from informal, personal topics to closely critical treatments of important subjects • Poetry- highly expressive nature using special forms and choice of words and emotional images. Narratives include epics, romance and ballads and lyric forms includes the sonnets, ode, elegy and song. • Miscellaneousare history, biography, letters, journals, diaries, and other works not formally classed as literature.

6. 3. Music- an art of arranging sounds in rhythmic succession generally in combination. Melody results in this sequence and harmony from the combinations. It is a creative and performing art. • Groups • Vocal Music-composed primarily to be sung.

7. Instrumental Music- is written for instruments of four general types: • A. Keyboard (piano, keyboard and organ) • B. Stringed ( violin, cello, guitar, ukulele, banjo) • C. Woodwind (flute , clarinet, oboe, piccolo, English Horn, bassoon) • D. Brass winds (saxophone, trumpet, French Horn, trombone)

8. Music combined with other arts • Opera-drama set to music. It is mostly or entirely sung with an orchestral accompaniment. • Operetta and Musical Comedy- a drama set to music but is light popular romantic often humorous or comic. It uses spoken dialogues. • Oratorio and Cantata- sacred musical drama in concert form based from biblical accounts and made of recited parts with orchestral accompaniment.

9. 4. Drama and Theatre- a drama or play is a story re-created by actors on a stage in front of an audience. • Types of Drama • Tragedy- serious in nature in which the central character comes to some sad and disastrous ending and also portray sufferings. • Melodrama- the emphasis is on the action rather than on the character. Action is sensational or romantic and usually has a happy ending. Types of Melodrama • Romantic Comedy- light amusing tales of lovers in some dilemma which is finally solved happily.

10. Farce- light humorous play whose emphasis is on the jokes, humorous physical actions, ludicrous situations and impossible characters. • Comedy Of Manners-“drawing room comedy” is sophisticated and sometimes satirical. It uses witty dialogues and characters are usually high society types and situations are unreal.

11. 5. Dance- involves the movement of the body and the feet in rhythm. • Types of Dances • Ethnologic- include folk dancing associated with national and cultural groups. • Social or Ballroom Dances- popular type of dancing generally performed by pairs. • Ballet- a formalized type of dance which originated in the royal courts of the Middle Ages. They may be either solo or concerted dances and generally built around a theme or story.

12. Modern-are sometimes called contemporary interpretative dances and represents rebellion against the classical formalism of ballet. It is a personal communication of moods an themes. Musical dances- dances performed by soloists, groups, choruses in theatres, nightclubs, motion pictures, and television. It combines various forms of ballet, modern, tap, and acrobatics.

13. Methods in Presenting Art Subjects • 1. Realism- presentation of subjects as it is. It is also the portrayal of objective reality. Example: “Queen” by Audrey Flack “ The Stone-Breaker” by Gustave Courbet 2. Abstraction- it means to move away or to separate. The artist is more concerned about the presentation of a part or a portion of a subject. Types of Abstraction a. Elongation-subjects are lengthened or stretched out. Ex. El Greco- “The Resurrection” “ St Martin and The Beggar

14. b. Distortion-subjects are in a mishappen condition. Ex. Henry Moore- “Recumbent Figure” c. Cubism- the use of geometrical shapes and forms. Ex. Pablo Picasso- “The Three Musicians” “Nude in a Rocking Chair” Georges Brake- “Violet and Palette”

15. Fauvism-emphasis on pleasure; the artists are non-conformists. Colors are not realistic and are mostly bright. Ex. Henry Matisse- “The Joy of Life” “The Dance” Dadaism- from the French word “DADA” which means hobby-horse - a movement meant to shock the public. Ex. Marcel Duchamp- “Fountain”

16. Romanticism-rich and filled with emotion Ex. Eugene Delacroix –” Liberty Leading the People” • Idealistic and subscribed to the ideas of liberty, freedom , justice, and equality. Juan Luna- “Spollarium” Impressionism- is concentrated on the artist’s impression of the moment. Ex. Claude Monet-”Sunrise” Eduord Manet- “The Beet Waitress”

17. Expressionism- based on non-rational and emotional concepts • Harsh, morbid, brutal, introspective • Free distortion of form color through which the painter gives visual form to inner sensations or emotion Ex. Vincent Van Gogh- “A Starry Night “ Sunflower“ Irises” Surrealism- based from the Freudian Theory “Psychoanalysis; aimed to bring the elements of the subconscious to the surface Ex. Salvador Dali- “Persistence of Memory”

18. KINDS OF SUBJECTS 1. Landscapes, seascapes, cityscapes- these are artworks that show the physical environment. 2. Still Life- groups of inanimate objects arranged in an indoor setting such as objects as dishes of food on a dining table, pots and pans on a kitchen table, etc… 3. Animals- the earliest known paintings are representations of animals. 4. Portrait- is a realistic likeness of a person in sculpture, painting, drawing, or print.

19. 5. Figures- is the traditional chief subject of artists showing the human body, nude or clothed. 6. Everyday Life- this is the artists observation of people going about their usual ways, performing their usual tasks. 7. History and Legend- shows a significant scene in the past; legend pictures the mysteries behind the folk stories.

20. 8. Religion and Mythology- arts are used to instruct, to inspire feelings of devotion and to convert non-believers; many artists have been inspired by the beauty and magic of mythological characters. 9. Dreams and Fantasies- a dream may be of lifelike situation; it may be realistically represented, but if the figure suggests the strange, irrational, and the absurd, we would right away classify it a dream picture.

21. PAINTING • The art of applying color or other organic or synthetic substances to various surfaces to create a representational, imaginative or abstract picture or design. • The earliest known paintings were executed on the walls of caves and rock shelters some 30, 000 years ago during Paleolithic period. Some may be seen in Western Europe, Southern and Saharan Africa and Australia.

22. Elements of Painting • Line- it is man’s own invention; extension of a point. • Kinds of Lines • Straight Lines Vertical lines- power, stability , strength Horizontal lines- relaxation, calmness, at peace, laziness Diagonal lines-movement Curve lines- graceful movements, fluidity, flexibility

23. Shape- it is an area on a flat surface enclosed by a line. • Texture- it refers to the feel or tactile quality of a surface of an object; the roughness or smoothness of an object. • Size- it is the smallness or largeness of an object. • Color- it is a series of wave lengths which strike our retina. Spectrum consists of different colors-red, orange, blues, indigo and violet.

24. Physical Property of Color • Hue- is a quality which gives color its name. The color of the spectrum are therefore called hues. • Value- is the lightness or darkness of color. • Intensity- is the strength of the color’s hue. Brightness or dullness of color.

25. Classification of Colors The Primary Colors are original colors which cannot be derived from any color combination. They are red, blue and yellow. The Secondary Colors are the combinations of two primary colors. They are green, orange and violet. The Tertiary Colors are the combinations of both the primary and secondary colors. They are yellow green, yellow orange, blue green, blue violet, red orange, and red violet. A Complementary Color scheme is composed of one of the primary colors and the combination of two others. For example, the complementary color of red is green, made by mixing yellow and blue. Analogous colors are three neighboring colors in the color wheel with one distinct color among them.

26. COLOR INTERPRETATION Cold colors-winter, spring, not aggressive in hue Warm colors- summer ,fall, friendly in character Red- excitement, danger, war, heat, anger, aggressive Orange- autumn, warmth, movement, can be disagreeably hot in effect Green- spring, summer foliage, safety, coolness, restful and pleasant Yellow- sun, warmth without heat Blue- coolness, happiness, pleasure, popular with men

27. COLOR INTERPRETATION Purple- coolness, royalty Cool colors- dignity, formality Warm Colors- informality, excitement Pink- femininity Black-mourning, sorrow, death White- purity, innocence Brown-humbleness, nobility

28. Mediums of Painting • Pigment- is that part of the paint which supplies the color, is fine powder ground from some clay, stone, or mineral extracted from vegetable matter. 1. Encaustic- a medium that combines fry pigments with the heat-softened wax and in modern times. Resin 2. Tempera- are earth or mineral pigments mixed with egg yolk and egg white. Since the paint dries quickly, corrections are difficult to make. 3. Fresco- is the application of earth pigments with water on a plaster wall while the plaster is still damp. Color then sinks into the surface and becomes an integral part of the wall.

29. 4.Watercolor- is tempered paint made of pure ground pigment bound with gum Arabic. It gives a delicate and luminous texture to the painting. 5. Oil- the pigment is mixed with linseed oil and applied to primed canvas. It is flexible. Oil paints are slow to dry and the painting can be changed and worked over a long period of time. 6. Acrylic- synthetic paints using acrylic polymer emulsions as binder are the newest mediums and the ones that are widely used by today’s painters. They dry quickly like the watercolor and also flexible like the oil. They do not tend to crack, turn yellow or darken with age.

30. Arts Related to Painting • Mosaic- it is related to painting only because it creates pictures on flat surfaces. They are wall or floor decorations made of small cubes or irregularly cut pieces of colored stones or glass called tesserae. • Stained Glass- a translucent glass colored by mixing metallic oxides into the molten glass or by fixing them onto the surface of the clear glass. The glass is then cut into shapes and assembled into the desired image and held together by strips of lead. • Tapestry- are fabrics into which colored designs have been woven.

31. SCULPTURE It is a three- dimensional artwork, an art of reproducing objects in relief or in the round out of hard materials by means of chisel, carved work, art of molding in clay or other paste materials, figures or objects to be later cast in bronze or other metals or plaster of Paris.

32. MEDIUMS OF SCULPTURE 1. Clay- a very fine-grained soil that is plastic when moist but hard when fired. 2. Ice- is the name given to one of the 14 known solid phases of water. It is a crystalline solid which can appear transparent or opaque bluish white color. 3. Marble- a metamorphic rock resulting from regional or rarely contact metamorphism of sedimentary carbonate rocks, either limestone or dolostone.

33. 4. Ivory- is ideal for decorative art because it is hard, close grained, and takes to carving and dyes well. Its durable, many specimen survive and provides clues into the art. 5. Wood- can make many forms, from a tree to a house, from a piece of furniture to a door, from something functional to something sculptural.

34. KINDS OF SCULPTURE • Relief. These are the sculptures which are identifies as embossed sculptures in which images are set a against a flat background. • Free- Standing. This is the kind of sculpture in the round such as statutes and monuments which are either scaled or done in life size. • Kinetic or Mobile Sculptures. These are identified as moving sculptures which in some cases are suspended in air to move

35. PROCESSES IN SCULPTURE • Molding. This is the additive wherein the building up of form is done to complete the artwork. • Carving. This is the subtracting method wherein the removal of the unnecessary portions of the material used is done. • Fabrication. This is the putting-together-process wherein welding is an example. • Casting. This is setting up the negative mold in order to produce the positive mold.

36. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCULPTURE Pre-Historic Sculpture. The primitive people produced the so called fertility statues. It has been described as giving emphasis on the female sexual attributes. It emphasizes the women’s wide hips and opulent breasts. Primitive men made this for fear of extinction and it will remind them to go on and on to produce more offsprings.

37. History of Sculpture Egyptian Sculpture. The Sphinx is the most popular piece in Egypt. It is a huge sculpture which is described as the human head with a body of a croaching lion. The head of the Sphinx is symbolic of the pharoah, the mighty ruler of Egypt, and the body of the croaching lion is symbolic of the mighty country Egypt. Therefore it symbolizes the mighty strengths and protective power of Egypt.

38. Greek Sculpture The Golden Age of Athens was the complete fulfillment of the term classic, for it was the culmination of the ideals of the time and of the ancient world as well. It falls into four classes: • Sculptures created without regard to their ultimate location or method of display. Free- standing • Statues identified as kore otherwise known as female standing sculpture • Statues identified as kouros otherwise known a male standing sculpture • Sculptures designed as ornaments for specific positions

39. Roman Sculpture Given the Etruscan descendant of naturalism, Roman portraiture set an early standard of excellence that became the model for the whole Western tradition. It falls into two classes: portraits and historical relief. Both reflect the highly developed Roman taste of realism.

40. BAROQUE SCULPTURE A restless, dynamic style with its diagonals and floating curved lines, its striking chiaroscuro, and its sensous textural effects. Gian Lorenzo Bernini was the Baroque artist par excellence. His known sculpture is the “Ecstacy of St. Therese.”

41. Byzantine Sculpture Sculptured relief during the Byzantine were used to adorn magnificent palaces and churches. It is the richest expression of Christian dogma. Renaissance Sculpture It showed some traces of classical influence in the pulpits of the Cathedrals of Pisa and Sienna. The great master of this period is Michealangelo. His masterpiece was the “Pieta” , today a treasure of St. Peter’s in Rome.

42. MUSIC It is literally defined as the art of organizing sound so as to elicit an aesthetic response in a listener. Music moves us ,it makes us feel the tears but cannot trace the source says Leticia Landen. Franz Liszt defines it as the language of the heart.

43. PROPERTIES OF MUSIC • Pitch- highness or lowness of tone • Duration- longness or shortness of tone • Volume- loudness or softness of tone • Timbre or tone color- individual quality of the musical sound The human voice is the oldest and still the most popular medium of music. It is the most personal and direct medium as it comes from within the human body.

44. The Six Classes of Voices • Soprano- high -register female voice • Mezzo-soprano-medium-register female voice • Alto or Contralto-low-register female voice • Tenor-high-register male voice • Baritone- medium-register male voice • Bass- low-register male voice

45. ELEMENTS OF MUSIC • Duration- refers to the continuance of time wherein a sound can be made to last for a longer or shorter period of time. • Pitch- it means the location of tone in the musical scale in relation to high or low. • Melody- it consists of a series of pitches and durations. It displays an overall balance between ascending and descending motion. • Harmony- it is simultaneous sounding of two or more tones like when a singer accompanies his melody with the guitar or a piano. • Timbre- it enables the listener to distinguish one sound from another or one instrument from another.

46. Voice According to Timbre Coloratura Soprano-highest and lightest of all voices. Lyric Soprano-is less high and flutelike and usually sings sweet songlike melodies. Dramatic Soprano- is heavier and can convey intense emotionism dramatic situations. Mezzo-soprano- is between the soprano and contralto in quality and range. Contralto- has low and rich in quality voice.

47. Tenor- highest type in men’s voice. Lyric Tenor- is suited to songlike melodies. Dramatic Tenor- has heavier voice an is capable of conveying intense emotions. Baritone- has a range between tenor and bass Bass- has the lowest and deepest quality.

48. Dynamics- it refers to force or percussive effects: degrees of loud and soft. Forte means loud; piano means soft. • Texture- refers to the number of tones we are asked to comprehend simultaneously. • Form- is also called structure which is as necessary to a work.

49. Different Forms of Music Absolute Music-instrumental music A capella- Choral music sung without instrumental accompaniment Anthem- A religious or patriotic song Aria- An extended song for a soloist, usually accompanied by an orchestra Chamber Music- Music played by an ensemble of two to nine instruments Chanson- song

50. Chorale-A religious song sung by a congregation Concerto-A composition for a solo instrument or orchestra Dances- Dance music that goes with the steps of the dance Nocturne- a dreamy piece of a piano Oratorio- A religious work that requires soloist, chorusand, and an orchestra Overture- A piece of orchestral music that is played at the start of an opera