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CSD 232 • Descriptive Phonetics Distinctive Features

This document explores the essential components of phonological analysis, including a comprehensive list of a language's phonemes, their classification, and phonotactic rules governing phoneme arrangement. It highlights the importance of distinctive features in describing and categorizing phonemes based on articulatory descriptors. The work references significant theories and scholars, such as Roman Jakobson and the Prague School of Linguistics, to explain how features are utilized to specify phonemes, describe speech sounds, and represent sound changes, emphasizing their binary nature and universal applicability in phonetics.

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CSD 232 • Descriptive Phonetics Distinctive Features

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  1. CSD 232 • Descriptive PhoneticsDistinctive Features Eulenberg/Murrell Spring 2008

  2. Phonological Analysis • A Phonological Analysis consists of the following elements: • List of the phonemes of a language • Classification system for categorizing the phonemes • Phonotactics - positional and sequential occurrences of phonemes within a language • List of the allophonic variations for each of the phonemes

  3. Alternative Classification SystemsFor Describing and Categorizing Phonemes • Classical phonetic features of place and manner, and voicing • Distinctive Features

  4. Classical Phonetic Features /p / specified using articulatory descriptors: / p / = voiceless bilabial stop

  5. Distinctive Features /p / described as a bundle of features • [-Vocalic] • [+Consonantal] • [-Sonorant] • [-Coronal] • [+Anterior] • [-High] • [- Low] • [- Back] • [- Rounded] • [- Distributed] • [- Nasal] • [- Lateral] • [- Continuant] • [+Tense] • [- Voiced] • [-Strident]

  6. Distinctive Feature Theory • Roman Jakobson • Prague School of Linguistics (Pre-WWII) • Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University • Gunnar Fant • KTH - Royal Technical Institute, Stockholm, Sweden • Morris Halle • Masschusetts Institute of Technology

  7. Uses for Distinctive Features • To specify a phoneme • To specify a class of phonemes • To describe the set of speech sounds used in a particular language or dialect • To write concise rules of phonetic change • To characterize a speech disorder • e.g. substitution, often involving a change of feature)

  8. Distinctive Features • Features are binary (+ or - values) • Each speech sound may be described as a “bundle” of features • Each member of every pair of phones is distinguished from the other member by at least one feature value • Features are universal, but a given language may use a subset of features as distinctive

  9. Features(*=Original Jakobson, Fant & Halle features) • *Vocalic/Nonvocalic • *Consonantal/Nonconsonantal • Sonorant/Obstruent • Rhotic/Nonrhotic (vowels) • Advanced/Nonadvanced (vowels and diphthongs) • Front/Nonfront (vowels) • Coronal/Noncoronal [=*Acute/Grave] • Anterior/Nonanterior [=*Compact/Diffuse] (consonants)

  10. Features, continued (*=Original Jakobson, Fant & Halle features) • High/Nonhigh • Low/Nonlow • Back/Nonback

  11. Features, continued (*=Original Jakobson, Fant & Halle features) • Rounded/Nonrounded (*Flat/Plain) • Distributed/Nondistributed • *Nasal/nonnasal • Lateral/Nonlateral

  12. Features, concluded(*=Original Jakobson, Fant & Halle features) • *Continuant/Stop • *Tense/lax (vowels) • *Voiced/voiceless • *Strident/Nonstrident (consonants)

  13. Redundancy Rules • All vowels in English are [+ Voiced] • All [-Voiced] sounds are [+Consonantal], [-Nasal], [-Sonorant] and [-Vocalic] • [+Anterior] sounds are [-Distributed] • Sounds that are both [-Continuant] and [+Anterior] are [-Strident] • [-Coronal] sounds are [-Lateral]

  14. With Redundancy eliminated [-Voiced] [-Continuant] [+Anterior] [-Coronal] /p/=

  15. Features Used to Define A Class • Class of “Stop Consonants” • /p,b,t,d,k,g/: [+Consonantal] [-Vocalic] [-Continuant] [-Nasal] [-Distributed]

  16. Concept of “Complement” A is the complement of B B is the complement of A B A A “complements” B. A + B = whole

  17. Complementary Distribution • aspirated /p/ in syllable initial position “pot” [p(et] • non-aspirated after /s/ “spot” [sp)et]

  18. Free Variation • “cigarette” - stress on first or last syllable • “economics” - first vowel sound /i/ or /2/ • aspiration of final /p/ in “pop”

  19. Phonotactic Rules • Some languages permit only CV syllables • English has consonant clusters “sixths” • Some languages permit eng (or engma) [a] as first sound in a word • If a word starts with three consonants, the first must be /s/

  20. Levels of Structure • Phone • Phoneme • Morpheme • Word • Phrase • Sentence • Paragraph

  21. Phonological Rules • Sound Changes • Example: “write” /re]t/ “writing” /re]ú8a / /t/ becomes /ú/ when it occurs between a preceding vowel and a following non-stressed vowel

  22. Using Distinctive Features To Indicate A Sound Change Rule / [+Voiced] [-Voiced]  +Coronal +Anterior --------- -Continuant -Nasal + Vocalic -Consonantal +Vocalic -Consonantal -Stress

  23. Example of a Substitution Rule /c//s/ A common substitution made by children “shoe” pronounced as “Sue”

  24. + Consonantal + Coronal - Nasal - Low ------------- ------------- +Strident -Voiced -Anterior +High  + Anterior -High / Feature Representation of Rule

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