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Chapter 37

Chapter 37. Fighting of WWII. War Begins in Europe - Review. War Begins with the signing of the Nazi-Soviet Non Aggression Pact (difference between public and private terms of the agreement) Germany invades Poland – September 1939 (France and Britain declare war on Germany immediately).

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Chapter 37

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  1. Chapter 37 Fighting of WWII

  2. War Begins in Europe - Review • War Begins with the signing of the Nazi-Soviet Non Aggression Pact (difference between public and private terms of the agreement) • Germany invades Poland – September 1939 (France and Britain declare war on Germany immediately)

  3. Hitler’s Lightning War • Hitler introduced the “Blitzkrieg” – or ‘Lightning War’ – as his principle strategy • Took the enemy by surprise using fast moving tanks and airplanes – followed by infantry soldiers

  4. Stalin Moves the Soviets • Soviet Union annexed Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania without a fight • Forced to fight fiercely against Finland in brutal 1939-40 winter • Soviets eventually successful

  5. Hitler Attacks Western Europe • April 1940 – Hitler invaded Denmark and Norway (he wanted coastline areas to launch future attacks on Britain) • May 1940 – Hitler attacks Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, and eventually France • France fell in June 1940 • French Gen. Charles de Gaulle fled to London and set up a government-in-exile Hitler and his generals in Paris after the city fell to the Nazis – June 1940

  6. Hitler Attacks Britain • P.M. Winston Churchill declared that England would “never surrender” • Battle of Britain: Aerial Battle between the German Luftwaffe & the British Royal Air Force (RAF) • Germany’s effort began with bombing campaigns – first airfields & factories, then civilian sections of cities • Britain had radar and a code-making machine called the Enigma • The Battle of Britain continued to June 1941 – until Hitler decided to put resources elsewhere

  7. The Battle of Britain

  8. The Eastern Front and Mediterranean • Italy and Germany wanted to access the British-controlled Suez Canal (why?) • Italians first tried – Brits pushed them back • Hitler sent Gen. Erwin Rommel (the Desert Fox) with his new tank unit – The Afrika Korps

  9. WWII in the Balkans • Hitler wanted Balkan nations – they would make a Soviet Union invasion easier • Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary joined the Axis • Germany defeated Yugoslavia and Greece in days

  10. Hitler invades the Soviet Union • “Operation Barbarossa” • June 22, 1941 – Germany invades the Soviet Union • 5 million-man Red Army not equipped nor prepared for Hitler’s smaller (3 million), more mobile troops (tanks) • Germans moved 500 miles into Russia – the Reds simply retreated and burned

  11. Problems for Germany in the invasion of Russia • Blitzkrieg effective – but fighting soon broke down in cities • Size of Soviet Union (easy to invade – but how do you hold it?) • Germans outran their supply lines • Germans unprepared for winter • Russians started getting help from U.S. Lend Lease Act • Russia felt “united” after German “betrayal” – The Great Patriotic War

  12. Battle of Leningrad • Sept. 1941 – Germans surround Leningrad, isolating it • Hitler wanted to “starve” the people (cut off supplies, bombed food warehouses) • 1 million die – but city doesn’t surrender

  13. Attack on Moscow • Discouraged by Leningrad, Hitler decides to attack Moscow – Oct. 1941 • Soviet Gen. Georgi Zhukov had fresh troops and an early winter • Germans froze in their summer uniforms – Hitler gave the order to never surrender • Stalemate ensued west of Moscow – not until 1943 do the Russians start to push back

  14. Axis Powers in 1942

  15. The Pacific Theater

  16. Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot

  17. Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941 A date which will live in infamy!

  18. President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of War

  19. Farthest Extent of Japanese Conquests

  20. Axis Powers in 1942

  21. The Allied War Strategy • Open up a multi-front war on Hitler • N. Africa & Italy in the South; Russia attacks from the East; U.S. and Britain from the West

  22. Phase #1: The War in Africa • Germans under Gen. Erwin Rommel advanced to within miles of the Suez Canal (middle eastern oil) at the city of El Alamein • British Gen. Bernard Montgomery attacked and pushed Rommel back • Fresh American troops led by Gen. Dwight Eisenhower push Rommel from the west • Rommel’s Afrika Korps forced out and retreats in May 1943

  23. The Battle for Sicily:June, 1943 General George S. Patton

  24. The Italian Campaign [“Operation Torch”]:Europe’s “Soft Underbelly” • Allies plan assault on weakest Axis area - North Africa - Nov. 1942-May 1943 • George S. Patton leads American troops • Germans trapped in Tunisia - surrender over 275,000 troops.

  25. Mussolini & His Mistress,Claretta Petacci Are Hung in Milan, 1945

  26. Operation Barbarossa:Hitler’s Biggest Mistake

  27. Phase #2 – The War in the East • Germans had attacked Russia, but their advancements had stalled at Leningrad and Moscow by late 1941 • Hitler ordered attack on Stalingrad in August 1942 • Began with blistering bombing raids • Soviet Union had huge numbers of troops – but many were poorly equipped

  28. Battle of Stalingrad • Very Important City for the Germans and Russians • Near the oil fields of the Caucasus Mts. • Major industrial city • Named after Stalin • Hitler began with constant bombing raids • Stalin ordered “not one step backward” • Germans caught inside city during winter of 1942-43 • Hitler orders “no retreat”

  29. More with Stalingrad • Germans were caught inside Stalingrad – which was 99% destroyed at this point • Through winter 42-43, only 90,000 German troops are left (of original 300,000) – most are starving and frost-bit • Soviets lose over a million men – plus hundreds of thousands of civilians • BUT… The Soviets are now on the offensive against the Germans

  30. Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943

  31. Europe at the time of the D-Day invasion – June 6, 1944

  32. Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day [“Operation Overlord”]

  33. D-Day (June 6, 1944)

  34. Normandy Landing (June 6, 1944) German Prisoners Higgins Landing Crafts

  35. July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot Major Claus vonStauffenberg

  36.      E-mail this to a friend July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot 1. Adolf Hitler 2. Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel 3. Gen Alfred von Jodl 4. Gen Walter Warlimont 5. Franz von Sonnleithner 6. Maj Herbert Buchs 7. Stenographer Heinz Buchholz 8. Lt Gen Hermann Fegelein 9. Col Nikolaus von Below10. Rear Adm Hans-Erich Voss11. Otto Gunsche, Hitler's adjutant12. Gen Walter Scherff (injured)13. Gen Ernst John von Freyend14. Capt Heinz Assman (injured)

  37. US & Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River: April 25, 1945

  38. Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945 Cyanide & Pistols The Führer’s Bunker Mr. & Mrs. Hitler

  39. Asia for Asians!

  40. Allied Counter-Offensive:“Island-Hopping”

  41. Battle of Midway Island:June 4-6, 1942

  42. Battle of Midway Island:June 4-6, 1942

  43. Japanese Kamikaze Planes:The Scourge of the South Pacific Kamikaze Pilots Suicide Bombers

  44. Gen. MacArthur “Returns” to the Philippines! [1944]

  45. US Marines on Mt. Surbachi,Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945] • Iwo Jima and Okinawa – • Final battles for US in the Pacific • Japanese defend islands to the death

  46. Yalta: February, 1945 • Allied conference to discuss post-war world • FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific war. • FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of influence and a weak Germany. • Churchill wants strong Germany as bufferagainst Stalin. • FDR argues for a ‘United Nations’.

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