Chapter 15 The State of Texas!!!

2. Chapter 15 The State of Texas!!!

3. Manifest Destiny was the idea of the U.S. expanding west to the Pacific Ocean. Texas Annexation occurred during this movement. MANIFEST DESTINY During these years of westward expansion, the United States grew considerably. The Annexation of Texas was the first in a series of moves by the U.S. that were designed to extend the country from “sea to shining sea”.

4. Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way

5. Election of 1844 • Democrat James K. Polk ran for President in 1844 calling for Texas Annexation and Manifest Destiny. James K. Polk

6. Texas Annexation 1844-1845 • Anson Jones was the last President of Texas. He, like Houston, wanted Annexation but didn’t express it. • He once again petitioned the U.S. for Annexation. • U.S. president John Tyler, got Texas Annexation passed through congress as one of his last actions as President. The Last President of Texas Dr. Anson Jones John Tyler, 10th U.S. President

7. Anson Jones sent the annexation bill to the Texas Congress where it passed. • New President James K. Polk signed the bill into law. • Texas became the 28th state on March 1, 1845

8. The U.S. grew slowly until the Annexation of Texas in 1845 picked up the pace. Louisiana Purchase in 1803 from France This became Part of the U.S. in 1783 With the Treaty of Paris From the Adams-Onís Treaty in 1819 MANIFEST DESTINY Where’s the Rest of it?

9. Texas Constitution of 1845 • The first task was to form the state government. • In 1845 delegates from across Texas met to write a state constitution. • Later that year, Texans elected their state officers.

10. Texas Constitution of 1845 • The constitution follows closely to the U.S. Constitution. • Kept some parts of the Texas Republic Constitution

11. Examples: • Homestead protection from debtors • No ministers or priests to serve in legislature • Allowed slaves • Protected rights of women to own land Slavery was very important to most Texans Replica of a Texas Homestead

12. Election of 1845 • Anson Jones, called for an election to accept the Constitution of 1845 • 4,174 voted for it while only 312 were against it.

13. James Pinckney Henderson was voted first governor of Texas • Thomas J. Rusk and Sam Houston were the first US Senators from Texas

15. Reasons Americans did not want TX Annexation • Expansion of Slavery (North) • War with Mexico • Texas Debt • Hostile Indians Reasons Americans wanted TX Annexation • Manifest Destiny • Cotton trade • Expansion of Slavery (South) • Americans already lived there

16. The Mexican War 1846

17. Causes of the War • The government of Mexico never recognized the Republic of Texas and considered the annexation by the U.S. an insult.

18. Causes of the War • Mexicans that had accepted Texas independence did not accept the boundary of the Rio Grande. Mexico claimed the Nueces as the boundary.

19. Causes of the War • Americans were trading in Mexican Santa Fe and California. The U.S. was using the port at San Francisco which also belonged to Mexico.

20. Causes of the War • Mexico was supposed to have paid for property damage to Texas during the Revolution. They did not so the U.S. offered to pay this Mexican debt and give $30 million for Rio Grande River to be the boundary to Mexico and Texas. The U.S. would also get all of New Mexico and California.

21. Causes of the War • The U.S. sent John Slidell to Mexico to negotiate. Neither the old or new president would talk with Slidell.

22. Beginning of the War • In 1846, President Polk sent General Taylor and his troops to the Rio Grande River. He met Mexican soldiers north of the Rio Grande. President Polk declared that “American Blood had been shed on American Soil.” So U.S. Congress declared war.

23. Battle of PALO ALTO • First major battle of Mexican-American War. • Fought outside modern Brownsville ,Texas • Zachary Taylor and the U.S. won the battle using his light artillery • The victory was a huge moral boost in the U.S. and help make Taylor a political star.

27. RESACA DE LA PALMA • “Resaca” means Dry Riverbed in Spanish • After defeat at Palo Alto the Mexican Army retreated to Resaca De La Palma • Fought in Brownsville • Taylor crushed Arista’s Mexican Army and they would never step foot in Texas again

29. RESACA DE LA PALMA

30. Santa Anna!!!! AGAIN • He promised the U.S. that if allowed to pass through their blockade of Mexico, he would negotiate a peaceful conclusion to the war. • He reneged and offered his military skills to the Mexican government. After he had been appointed general he seized the presidency. Oh Antonio, will you ever learn?

32. Battle of Chapultepec • Winfield Scott eventually drove his way near Mexico City and the Americans won the battle of Chapultepec in September of 1847. • Chapultepec (chuh-puhl-tuh-pek) was a castle that protected Mexico city (“The Halls of Montezuma”) A monument stands in Chapultepec Park today commemorating their courage.

33. TEXANS IN THE WAR . • About 5,000 Texans served in the Mexican American War. • The most well known fighters from Texas were the Texas Rangers. The Rangers gained quite a reputation for their fighting ability and their wild behavior. The Mexican soldiers called the Rangers “Diablos Tejanos” ("Texas Devils").

34. U.S. Victory • General Taylor captured Monterrey and later defeated Santa Anna and a large army of Mexicans at Buena Vista.

36. 1848 – Peace Treaty at Guadalupe Hidalgo • Mexico abandoned all claims to Texas and accepted Rio Grande as the Texas – Mexican boundary.

37. 1848 – Peace Treaty at Guadalupe Hidalgo • Mexico gave up California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming. In return, the U.S. paid $15 million to Mexico. This is known as the Mexican Cession.

39. 1848 – Peace Treaty at Guadalupe Hidalgo • Mexicans living in that territory had a year to decide if they would like to become U.S. citizens or return to Mexico.

40. After the War Ch 12 Part 4

41. Completing the Continental United States • In 1853, Mexico sold the Gadsden Purchase – to the U.S. for $10 million • James K. Polk had already secured the Northern U.S. boundary by splitting the Oregon Country with England in 1846. They agreed to split the land at the area of the current Canadian border.

42. There we go, It’s Oregon! Is there anything else we are forgetting? Oregon Country 1848, by Treaty with Great Britain Louisiana Purchase in 1803 from France This became Part of the U.S. in 1783 With the Treaty of Paris Mexican Cession - 1848 Annexation of Texas -1845 From the Adams-Onís Treaty in 1819 Gadsden Purchase-1853 The Gadsden Purchase was necessary to build a railroad to California

43. Week 7 Warm Up • The first major battle of the Mexican – American War was _____________. • What was the treaty called that ended the Mexican-American War?

44. Disagreements Over the Border of Texas • The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo established the Rio Grande as the border of Texas, but Texans believed the Rio Grande went far past El Paso making much of present day New Mexico, including Santa Fe, part of Texas.

45. Texas was Still In Love with SANTA FE • In 1848 Governor Henderson sent Texas officials to Santa Fe but the U.S. military commander there refused to give Santa Fe to Texas control. • The Texans did secure control of El Paso El Paso

46. Issue of Slavery • Texas had originally been denied as a state in 1836 because the Northern states did not want Texas to join the U.S. as a slave state. However, as long as the number of slave states was even with the number of free states, both sides were happy. • If Texas was able to control the land of New Mexico, that would have made it open to slavery, and the Northern states refused to allow that. Slave sale in Easton, Maryland

47. Compromise of 1850 • Henry Clay proposed the Compromise of 1850 In it: • California admitted to Union as Free State • Slave trade outlawed in Washington DC • Fugitive Slave Law passed -Runaway slaves would now have to be legally returned to their owners

48. What About Texas? • Part of the compromise of 1850 was the Texas and New Mexico Act, Texas agreed to give up some of its territory, for $10 Million. This created Texas’ present day borders. • Many in Texas were angry about this agreement, but most realized that Texas needed the money, to help pay off its debts, more than it needed the land. Pearce Texas Agreed to the border proposed by James Pearce of Maryland rather than that of Henry Clay

50. Oregon Country 1848, by Treaty with Great Britain Louisiana Purchase in 1803 from France Mexican Cession - 1848 From the Adams-Onís Treaty in 1819 Gadsden Purchase-1853 MANIFEST DESTINY This will be on the STAAR next year. 6 1783 With the Treaty of Paris 1 5 Annexation of Texas -1845 Area 5 4