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Napoleon I

Chapter 23 Overview Notes: The Unification of Italy and Germany Through Nationalism. Napoleon I. Metternich. Otto von Bismarck. Unification of Germany. INFLUENCES ON GERMAN UNIFICATION: Napoleon I abolishes 300-state H.R.E .; sets up

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Napoleon I

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  1. Chapter 23 Overview Notes: The Unification of Italy and Germany Through Nationalism Napoleon I Metternich Otto von Bismarck

  2. Unification of Germany

  3. INFLUENCES ON GERMAN UNIFICATION: • Napoleon I abolishes 300-state H.R.E.; sets up • ConfederationoftheRhine of 39 states • CongressofVienna / Metternich reorganize states • into the GermanConfederation of 38 states led by • Austria, causing resentment by Prussia • Prussia’s free trade union, the Zollverein, led by • Junker class; excludes • Austria as member

  4. OTTO VON BISMARCK (1861 – 1890) • conservative Junker is chosen prime minister by • Prussian Hohenzollern king, Wilhelm I • practices Realpolitik[realism: Do what is • necessary, not what is right or moral] to increase • Prussian military strength and to reduce or • eliminate Austrian influence

  5. 3. uses • and • “bloodandiron” tactics, earning him the nickname, • the “IronChancellor” • (German primeminister)

  6. The Danish War – 1864 • 1). Prussia / Austria defeat Denmark to prevent • annexation of Schleswig and Holstein; each • administers one of the two

  7. 2). Prussia accuses Austria of mistreating Germans in Schleswig; a reason for “blood and iron” tactics by Bismarck to unify the German people 3). Bismarck persuades French emperor, Napoleon III, to stay out of any possible conflict by promising him French control of four southern, Catholic German states; Bismarck gets this promise for the territory in writing from Napoleon III

  8. 4 southern, Catholic German states

  9. The Austro-Prussian War • (or the 7 Weeks’ War) – 1866 • 1). Austria no match for Prussian military strength • 2). Bismarck forms the NorthGermanConfederation • without Austrian interference; • the only German states not included are the four • southern, Catholic territories secretly promised by • Bismarck and demanded by • Napoleon III for staying • out of the Seven-Weeks War; • one war left to unify the German people • under one empire and one emperor, Wilhelm I

  10. c. The Franco-Prussian War – 1870 1). The Spanish throne becomes vacant and it is likely to be inherited by a Hohenzollern prince; Napoleon III becomes anxious and sends a telegram to Wilhelm I to discuss “problem” 2). Bismarck receives this “Ems” dispatch from Napoleon III; Bismarck alters telegram wording, releases it to the press, insulting Napoleon III who declares war on Prussia to save face

  11. 3). Bismarck shows the four southern, Catholic German states Napoleon III’s written demand; they join with the rest of Germany to defeat France for the sake of nationalism; all German states are now united The Giant German Ogre according to the French

  12. 4). Prussia wins France’s iron & coal-rich territories of Alsace & Lorraine

  13. 5). Kaiser Wilhelm I announces the establishment of the 2ndReich (Hohenzollern reign) [1st Reich being the H.R.E.] of the newly formed German Empire in 1871 at the French Palace of Versailles naming Berlin, Germany as its capital

  14. CHANCELLOR BISMARCK’S GOALS AFTER UNIFICATION: • to prevent future wars for Germany • so he forms the TripleAlliance: Germany, • Austria-Hungary (the Dual Monarchy), and Italy to • isolate France • to encourage nationalism among all Germans, Bismarck • begins an unsuccessful 10-year • kulturkampf (cultural struggle) • against the German • Catholic Church “between Berlin and Rome”

  15. to prevent parliamentary democracy by protecting • the Hohenzollern monarchy; leads to development • of the SocialDemocraticParty in Germany • BISMARCK IS FORCED TO RESIGN IN 1890: • by new Kaiser, Wilhelm II, a practitioner of • militarism (glorification of war) because Bismarck • only wants peace for Germany • but “KaiserBill” builds Germany into a major • industrial / military European giant, leading to • direct conflict with • Britain and with • France leading to • WorldWarI: • 1914 -1918

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