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‘An Investigation of the Uses of ‘One’

‘An Investigation of the Uses of ‘One’. Richard Altwarg Thesis Project Proposal M.Sc. Speech and Language Processing Macquarie University Dept. of Linguistics. Contents. Uses of ‘One’ What is Anaphora? Types of One -Anaphora Why Anaphora is Important

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‘An Investigation of the Uses of ‘One’

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  1. ‘An Investigation of the Uses of ‘One’ Richard Altwarg Thesis Project Proposal M.Sc. Speech and Language Processing Macquarie University Dept. of Linguistics

  2. Contents • Uses of ‘One’ • What is Anaphora? • Types of One-Anaphora • Why Anaphora is Important • Project Proposal: Develop ‘One’ Definition and Algorithm • Project Objectives and Benefits • Summary 2

  3. 1.0 Uses of ‘One’ One appears in many different forms and contexts, with different functions. What are they? Can they be distinguished by a computer? How? 1 3

  4. 1.1 Uses of ‘One’ One comes in different forms, with different meanings and functions: 4

  5. 1.2 Uses of ‘One’ Additional functions of ‘One’ 5

  6. 2.0 What is Anaphora? 1 Anaphora is the phenomenon of a linguistic expression which acts as a substitute or reference to some other linguistic form, which generally precedes it. For example: See the balls1 on the table? Your goal is to knock in the red ones1. (ones=balls) The process of associating 'ones' with ‘balls' in the above sentence is called anaphora resolution. • The referring word is called an anaphor. • The preceding form is called an antecedent. • The context in which the anaphor occurs is called its discourse. • Anaphors may occur within a sentence, or between sentences. 6

  7. 2.1 What is Anaphora? • Anaphors frequently appear as pronouns (including ‘one’): • John1 hit the red ball2. Please count it2 for him1. • Joy1 needs a cue2. Please bring one2 to her1. • John1 and Joy2 would like the rack3. Please bring it3 to them1&2. • John1 and Joy2 would like chalk3. Please bring them1&2some3. • But they can be a noun phrase, a description, or a verb phrase: • John1 and Joy2 would like dessert3. Please bring them1&2the sweet stuff3. • I like the billiards parlor1, the place with the skilled shooters1. 7

  8. 2.2 Anaphoric Substitution Prior researchers often characterize the relationship between an anaphor and its referent as one of substitution or reference. Here’s an example: See the balls1 on the table? Your goal is to knock in the red ones1. Real-world knowledge: information about balls In this case, the anaphor is a substitute for the antecedent. Referent: concept of ‘balls’ Antecedent: ‘balls’ Anaphor: ‘ones’ 8

  9. 2.3 Anaphoric Reference Here is an example of reference: In American pool, there are solid and striped ones1. Real-world knowledge: information about pool and balls In this case, there is no antecedent. The anaphor must be resolved through the use of other information. Referent: concept of ‘balls’ Antecedent: none Anaphor: ‘ones’ 9

  10. 3.0 Types of One-Anaphora 10

  11. 3.1 Types of One-Anaphora 11

  12. 3.2 Types of One-Anaphora 12

  13. 3.3 Summary: Types of One-Anaphora • The following types of One-Anaphora have been described: • one/ones • some • they/them • this/those • ellipsis • descriptions • This project will focus on the first four listed above. 13

  14. 4.0 Why Anaphora is Important • Anaphora appear very frequently in text and spoken dialog • Most natural language processing applications must resolve anaphors • There is no existing theory or methodology which accounts for all anaphora 14

  15. 5.0 Project Proposal • Investigate the Uses of ‘One’ • Identify the non-anaphoric and anaphoric uses of ‘one’ • Systematically reconcile existing definitions of anaphoric uses of ‘one’ • Develop a computational method for identification of uses of ‘one’ using reconciled definition 15

  16. 6.0 Project Objectives • Develop a new definition of anaphoric uses of one based on literature review and corpus analysis: • comprehensive • integrative • Develop a method of automated identification of anaphoric uses of one, resulting in several benefits: • enable others to more easily conduct research on one-anaphora • create a model which may be extensible to identification and resolution of other types of anaphora 16

  17. 7.0 Summary • Uses of ‘One’ • numeric • generic • article • Anaphoric uses of ‘one’: • one/ones • they/them • descriptional • Project Goals: • Develop a new definition of anaphoric uses of ‘one’ based on literature review and corpus analysis • Develop a method of automated identification of anaphoric uses of ‘one’ • pro-noun • anaphor • some • this/those • ellipsis 17

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