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Siam Physics Congress SPC2013 Thai Physics Society on the Road to ASEAN Community 21-23 March 2013

Siam Physics Congress SPC2013 Thai Physics Society on the Road to ASEAN Community 21-23 March 2013. From Electric Birth through Micro-nova to Streaming Demise of the Plasma Focus- Knowledge and Applications S Lee 1,2,3 & S H Saw 1,2

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Siam Physics Congress SPC2013 Thai Physics Society on the Road to ASEAN Community 21-23 March 2013

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  1. Siam Physics Congress SPC2013Thai Physics Society on the Road to ASEAN Community 21-23 March 2013 From Electric Birth through Micro-nova to Streaming Demise of the Plasma Focus- Knowledge and Applications S Lee1,2,3 & S H Saw1,2 1INTI International University, 71800 Nilai, Malaysia 2Institute for Plasma Focus Studies, Chadstone, VIC 3148, Australia 3University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia e-mail:; leesing@optusnet.com.au; sorheoh.saw@newinti.edu.my

  2. Introductory: What is a Plasma? Matter heated to high temperatures becomes a Plasma SOLID LIQUIDGASPLASMA Four States of Matter

  3. One method: electrical discharge through gases.

  4. Lightning: Electric discharge (e.g. 20kA) between earth & clouds heats up the air in the discharge channels to high temperatures (30,000 K) producing air plasmas

  5. Current I & self-field B produces force JXB pointing everywhere radially inwards- Pinches column from initial radius r0 to final radius rm.

  6. Pinching Process Dynamic pinching process requires current to rise very rapidly, typically in under 0.1 microsec in order to have a sufficiently hot and dense pinch. Super-fast, super-dense pinch; requires special MA fast-rise (nanosec) pulsed-lines; Disadvantages: conversion losses & cost of high technology pulse-shaping line, additional to the capacitor.

  7. Superior method for super-dense-hot pinch: plasma focus (PF) • The PF produces superior densities and temperatures. (easily a million C up to tens of millions C) • 2-Phase mechanism of plasma production does away with the extra layer of technology required by fast pinches • A simple capacitor discharge is sufficient to power the plasma focus.

  8. High Power Radiation from PF Powerful bursts of x-rays, ion & electron beams, & EM radiation (>10 gigaW) Intense radiation burst, extremely high powers E.g. SXR emission peaks at 109 W over ns In deuterium, fusion neutrons also emitted

  9. INTI PF- 3 kJ Plasma Focus 1m

  10. 30 mF, 15 kV HV The Plasma Dynamics in Focus Radial Phase Axial Accelaration Phase Inverse Pinch Phase

  11. 1972: UM plasma focus discharge in Two Asian Firsts up to that time:Achieved 1.9 MA pulsed dischargeDetected and measured Plasma D-D fusion neutrons-

  12. Today- PF Collaboration among ASEAN Institutions Thailand: Chulalongkorn University.. Thammasat University: Prince of Songla U PF Applications : e.g. PF Isotope production PF development Enhancing Polypropylene-polyester/ for medical applications Cotton Composites Lamination Rattachat, Mongkolnavin, et al Singapore: PF Radiation: NTU/NIE Malaysia:INTI IU- IPFS U Malaya : PF Studies PF Numerical Expts UTM PF Applications e.g. Nano-materials; Radiative Cooling & Collapse

  13. Photo of the INTI PF pinch (P Lee) using filter technique to show the pinch region & the jet

  14. Shadowgraphs of PF Pinch- (Micro-nova)M Shahid Rafique PhD Thesis NTU/NIE Singapore 2000 • Highest post-pinch axial shock waves speed ~50cm/us M500 • Highest pre-pinch radial speed>25cm/us M250

  15. Much later…Sequence of shadowgraphicsof post-pinch copper jetS Lee et al J Fiz Mal 6, 33 (1985) • Slow Copper plasma jet 2cm/us M20

  16. Emissions from the PF Pinch region +Mach500 Plasma stream +Mach20 anode material jet The ion beams, plasma streams and anode- sputtered jets are used for advanced materials modification and fabrication, including nano-materials; and for studies of materials damage

  17. Scaling Properties 1 m 3 kJ machine Small Plasma Focus 1000 kJ chamber only Big Plasma Focus

  18. Comparing large & small PF’s- Dimensions & lifetimes- putting shadowgraphs of pinch side-by-side, same scale Anode radius 1 cm 11.6 cm Pinch Radius: 1mm 12mm Pinch length: 8mm 90mm Lifetime ~10ns order of ~200 ns

  19. Comparison (Scaling) - 1/2 Important machine properties: UNU ICTP PFF PF1000 E0 3kJ at 15 kV 600kJ at 30kV I0 170 kA 2MA ‘a’ 1 cm 11.6 cm

  20. Comparison (Scaling) - 2/2Important Compressed Plasma Properties Density of plasma- same!! Temperature of plasma same!! These two properties determine radiation intensity energy radiated per unit volume per unit lifetime of plasma) Size of plasma Lifetime of plasma These two properties together with the above two determine total yield.

  21. Basic information from simple measurements Speed is easily measured; e.g From current waveform 16 cm traversed in 2.7 us Av speed=6 cm/us Form factor= 1.6 Peak speed ~ 10 cm/us At end of axial phase

  22. Estimate Temperature from speeds Speed gives KE. Shock Waves convert half of KE to Thermal Energy: T~q2 ; where q is the shock speed ~ speed of current sheet. For D2: T=2.3x10-5q2 K q in m/s (from strong shock-jump conservation equations)

  23. Compare Temperatures: speeds easily measured; simply from a current waveform; from speeds, temperature may be computed. UNU ICTP PFF PF1000 D2 Axial speed 10 [measured] 12 cm/us Radial speed 25 20 cm/us Temperature 1.5x106 1x106 K Reflected S 3x106 2x106 KAfter RS comes pinch phase which may increase T a little more in each case Comparative T: about same; several million K

  24. Compare Number Density – 1/2 During shock propagation phase, density is controlled by the initial density and by the shock-’jump’ density Shock density ratio=4 (for high temperature deuterium) RS density ratio=3 times On-axis density ratio=12 Initial at 3 torr n=2x1023 atoms m-3 RS density ni=2.4x1024 m-3 or 2.4x1018 per cc Further compression at pinch; raises number density higher typically to 1019 per cc.

  25. Compare Number Density – 2/2 Big or small PF: initial density small range of several torr Similar shock processes Similar final density

  26. Big PF and small PFSame density, same temperature Over a range of PFs smallest 0.1J to largest 1 MJ; over the remarkable range of 7 orders of magnitude- same initial pressure, same speeds Conclusion: all PF’s: Same T, hence same energy (density) per unit mass same n, hence same energy (density) per unit volume Hence same radiation intensity

  27. Next question: How does yield vary? Yield is Intensity x Volume x Lifetime Yield~ radius4 Or~current4

  28. Our research towards applications Some plasma focus applications experimented with to various levels of success. • Microelectronics lithography towards nano-scale using focus SXR, EUV and electrons • Micro-machining • Surface modification and alloying, deposition of advanced materials: superconducting films, fullerenes, DLC films, TiN, ZrAlON, nanostructured magnetic e.g. CoPt thin films • Surface damage for materials testing in high-radiation and energy flux environment

  29. Applications list/2 Diagnostic systems of commercial/industrial value: • CCD-based imaging • multi-frame ns laser shadowgraphy • pin-hole and aperture coded imaging systems • neutron detectors, neutron activation, gamma ray spectroscopy • diamond and diode x-ray spectrometer • vacuum uv spectrometer • Faraday cups • mega-amp current measurement • pulsed magnetic field measurement • templated SXR spectrometry • water-window radiation for biological applications

  30. Applications list/3 Pulsed power technology: • capacitor discharge • Pulsed power for plasma, optical and lighting systems • triggering technology • repetitive systems • circuit manipulation technology such as current-steps for enhancing performance and compressions • powerful multi-radiation sources with applications in materials and medical applications

  31. Applications list/4 • Plasma focus design; complete package integrating hardware, diagnostics and software. • Fusion technology and fusion education, related to plasma focus training courses

  32. Applications: SXR Lithography As linewidths in microelectronics reduces towards 0.1 microns, SXR Lithography is set to replace optical lithography. Baseline requirements, point SXR source less than 1 mm source diameter wavelength range of 0.8-1.4 nm from industrial throughput considerations, output powers in excess of 1 kW (into 4p)

  33. Applications: some ‘products’

  34. 1. 300J portable (25 kg); 106 neutrons per shot fusion device

  35. 2. SXR lithography using NX2 in neon

  36. Lines transferred using NX2 SXR X-ray masks in Ni & Au SEM Pictures of transfers in AZPN114 using NX2 SXR

  37. 3. X-ray Micromachining

  38. 4. Thin film deposition, fabrication Materials modification using Plasma Focus Ion Beam Forplasma processing of thin film materials on different substrates with different phase changes.

  39. Applications: depositing Chromium and TiN- M Ghoranneviss

  40. 5. Applications: Nanoparticles synthesisR S Rawat et al Synthesize nano-phase (nano-particles,nano-clusters and nano-composites) magneticmaterials mechanism of nano-phase material synthesis effect of various deposition parameters on themorphology and size distribution of deposited nano-phase material To reduce the phase transition temperatures

  41. Applications for nano-particles DataStorage Medical Imaging Drug Delivery Cancel Therapy

  42. 100nm FeCo agglomerates deposited NX2 set-up for depositing thin films; deposited thin films with consisting of 20nm particles

  43. 6. Developing the most powerful training and research system for the dawning of the Fusion Age. Integrate: • the proven most effective hardware system of the UNU/ICTP PFF with • the proven most effective numerical experiment system Lee Model code with emphasis on dynamics, radiation and materials applications.

  44. 6a. The proven most effective 3 kJ PF system. The trolley based UNU/ICTP PFF 3 kJ plasma focus training and research system will be updated as a 1 kJ system

  45. 6b. The proven most effective and comprehensive Model code • Firmly grounded in Physics • Connected to reality • From birth to death of the PF • Useful and comprehensive outputs • Diagnostic reference-many properties, design, scaling & scaling laws, insights & innovations

  46. Our Radiative Plasma Focus Code

  47. 6c. The proven tradition and spirit of collaboration

  48. Conclusion • What is a plasma? • Plasma focus and its pinch • The Pinch and the streaming death • Radiation products of the PF pinch • Research on some applications- showing ‘products’ as achieved (varying stages) and visualised

  49. THANK YOU Profound Simple Plasma Focus

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