1. Cohesion and Discourse Lecture 12

2. Cohesion • There are four ways by which cohesion is created in English: reference, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion. • Cohesion is a process

3. Reference • Reference first evolved as an ‘exophoric’ relation. • The first type of reference: personals • Peter, Peter, pumpkin eater, • Had a wife and couldn’t eat her. • He put her in a pumpkin shell • And there he kept her very well.

4. Reference • The second type of reference: demonstratives • The third type of reference: comparative reference

5. Ellipsis and substitution • Ellipsis sets up a relationship in the wording rather than directly in the meaning. • Substitution shows where something has been omitted and what its grammatical function would be. • There are three main contexts for ellipsis and substitution in English: clause, the verbal group, and the nominal group

6. Conjunction • A range of possible meanings within the domains of elaboration, extension and enhancement is expressed by the choice of a conjunctive adjunct or of one of a small set of conjunctions in thematic position at the beginning of the clause.

7. Lexical cohesion • The choice of lexical items in creating cohesion • Repetition • Synonym • collocation

8. Texture • Theme and focus • Lexical cohesion and reference • Ellipsis and substitution • Conjunction • Text structure

9. End of the lecture • Thank you for your attention