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Alcohol and alcoholism

Alcohol and alcoholism Physical effects of alcohol use Biopsychosocial effects of alcohol abuse Physical effects of alcohol use Cardiovascular benefits from 1 glass of wine per day: The French paradox? The benefits disappear at the equivalent of three glasses per day.

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Alcohol and alcoholism

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  1. Alcohol and alcoholism Physical effects of alcohol use Biopsychosocial effects of alcohol abuse

  2. Physical effects of alcohol use • Cardiovascular benefits from 1 glass of wine per day: The French paradox? • The benefits disappear at the equivalent of three glasses per day. • The same benefit can be obtained from grape juice, but it takes six glasses per day: the beneficial ingredient in wine may be flavinoids rather than alcohol

  3. Is the French paradox really a paradox? • Cardiovascular disease is a cumulative, delayed consequence of many factors, including diet. • Prior to the 1960s, the French diet was much lower in saturated fat than the American diet. • American “control group” studies are correlational. • Participants are self-assigned to groups.

  4. Other physical effects • Gastrointestinal system • Dissolving of mucosal lining • Hemorrhagic lesions of stomach lining • Increased HCl secretion, secondary to lesions • Shortening and lesions of intestinal villi • Pancreas • Pancreatitis • Diabetes or reactive hypoglycemia

  5. More physical effects... • Liver • Steatosis • Alcoholic hepatitis • Cirrhosis • Cancer • Cardiovascular system • Declining red and white blood cell counts • Cardiomyopathy

  6. More physical effects... • Central nervous system • Acute brain damage • Alcohol-induced brain damage • Chronic brain damage • Atrophy • Dementia • Nutritional deficit damage • Encephalopathy

  7. Approaches to alcohol use • Total abstinence • Cultural uniformity • Israel & Italy vs. Ireland & Finland • Parental introduction vs. parental prohibition (Mitic, 1990) • Is it possible to teach controlled drinking in a culture of excess? • Would the FDA approve alcohol today?

  8. Alcoholism • Definitions • Etiology • Family studies • Biological marker studies • EEG studies • Adoption studies • Twin Studies • Physiological theories • Sociocultural theories: Ledermann

  9. Treatments for alcoholism • Controlled drinking • Total abstinence • Comorbidity problems

  10. Pharmacological support • Antabuse • Apomorphine for conditioned aversion • Not popular currently • Antipsychotics for hallucinations: Dangerous • Antidepressants for comorbid depression • Benzodiazepines for withdrawal • Naltrexone for craving • Ondansetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist, for early-onset alcoholism • Acamprosate, a glutamate agonist at NMDA receptors and a GABA-A agonist

  11. Abused Inhalants: huffing • Gases: Nitrous oxide and halothane • Anaesthetics, propellant for whipped cream • Volatile liquids • Ether and chloroform • Petroleum distillates • Gasoline, paint thinners, toluene, butane, propane • Solvents: Benzene, correction fluid, markers • Aerosol propellants: cooking spray, stain protectors, paint (chroming, from popularity of silver and gold spray paint) • Nitrites: Butyl, cyclohexyl (deodorizer), propyl and amyl (poppers, snappers). Nitrites are used mainly by adults, in an attempt to enhance sexual sensations. • Abused inhalants cause irregular heart rhythms, and are sometimes lethal.

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