THE ROARING TWENTIES

1. LIFE & CULTURE IN AMERICA IN THE 1920S THE ROARING TWENTIES

4. WWI ends November, 1918 US Celebrates the victory with parades in NYC. 4+ million soldiers return home from being mobilized in the war End of WWI & Victory Parade

5. Strikes - workers refusal to work unless their demands are met. 1919 - 4 million workers went on strike. Strikes & Labor Unrest • Famous strikes: • Boston Police Strike, 1919 • No. Indiana Steelworkers, 1919 • United Mine Workers Coal Mine Strike, 1919

6. The Roaring Twenties “ A Return to Normalcy” Almost But First………………… 1919- Spanish Flu Pandemic Killed 22 Million people Worldwide ( 2X the number of war deaths) Killed 675,000 Americans ( 7X the number of US war deaths) Americans want to go back to Isolationism

8. Car bombings, Wall Street, NYC Strikers were subject to hysteria, prone to begin riots. “Red Summer” of 1919 Fearful of pro-communist actions against the American capitalist system. Fearful of south & eastern European immigrants.

9. COMMUNISM No Private ownership of business. Workers own Everything collectively 1924- Russia changes its name to U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republic)

10. Capitalism An economic system based on private property and free enterprise.

11. Responsible for the US’ 1st “Red Scare”. “Palmer raids” - rounded up Soviet immigrants, deported or detained them. Attorney GeneralA. Mitchell Palmer • ACLU founded by U. Sinclair & Jane Adams. • Provided legal assistance to victims of Palmer’s tactics.

12. Patriotic Americans saw Communism behind union organizers and every labor protest Anti Immigrant feelings were at an all time high. “Red Scare” Bombs Sent to Palmer & Other Gov. Officials -10,000 Suspected Communists & Anarchists Arrested -249 Deported to Soviet Union

14. Sacco & Vanzetti Trial -Italian Immigrants & Anarchists -Convicted of Murder w/out Much Evidence -Reflects both Nativism & Anti-Radicalism -Controversial Execution Sacco & Vanzetti

15. 1924- Membership is 4.5 million 1925 - KKK march in Wash. D.C. 40,000 man march Devoted to “100 Percent Americanism” Anti- immigrant, black, Jews, Catholic, and Communists!! Ku Klux Klan Comeback

16. WWI sparked the “Great Migration” of African-Americans to northern cities This led to conflicts with whites over jobs and housing, esp. as white soldiers returned Race Riots Chicago, 1919

17. Leader of African Americans in 1920s. Back to Africa movement: Marcus Garvey believed that African Americans should build a separate society (Africa) and he hoped to take them back to Africa & return with imports/products to trade with in the US Marcus Garvey

18. MARCUS GARVEY - UNIA • In 1914, Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association • Garvey claimed a million members by the mid-1920s • He left a powerful legacy of black pride, economic independence and Pan-Africanism

19. CHANGING WAYS OF LIFE • During the 1920s, urbanization continued to accelerate New York City was home to over 5 million people in 1920; Chicago had nearly 3 million

20. “ A Return to Normalcy” • This became Warren G. Harding’s campaign slogan when he accidentally messed up the word, “Normality” • Americans loved it and elected him in 1920 Warren G. Harding elected in 1920

21. Fighting the Recession Demobilization • After WWI, 2 million soldiers were looking for work • Factories were closing because they were no longer getting orders for wartime goods from European nations Demobilization-the process of reducing a nation's armed forces from combat-ready status.

22. Republicans Rule the 1920s Warren G. Harding 1921-1923 (died in office) • “HARD”-”COOL”-”HOOV” • All the presidents of the 1920s were Republican Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929 Herbert Hoover 1929-1933

23. Washington Naval Conference 1921-1922 • Disarming the world’s navies! • Helping the world get along! PEACE 1928-Kellogg-Briand Pact- Germany, France and U.S. promise not to use war to resolve disputes Ahhh Peace is Here!!! Finally!

24. “Hopeful that, encouraged by their example, all the other nations of the world will join in this humane endeavor and by adhering to the present Treaty as soon as it comes into force bring their peoples within the scope of its beneficent provisions, thus uniting the civilized nations of the world in a common renunciation of war as an instrument of their national policy” -Section of the Kellogg-Briand Pact

25. Harding’s Ohio Gang President Harding’s Cabinet “ Ohio Gang” was subjected to mismanagement & corruption. Teapot Dome, Wyoming He secretly leased them to private oil companies $125k & Hundreds of cattle were give in the form of a bribe. Conviction, 1 year in jail sentence. Teapot Dome Scandal 1921 - Albert B. Fall gained control of government oil fields in…

27. Warren G. Harding died August 2nd, 1923. Harding was ill from eating tainted crabs while on a trip to Alaska & California. He was also suffering from bronchial pneumonia or he was poisoned. Calvin Coolidge, Harding’s VP was sworn into office on a farm in Vermont, by his father, a notary public at 2:30 am, August 3, 1923. He was re-sworn the next day in Washington D.C. by a Supreme Court Justice. He was on vacation with family during the summer of 1923. Vice President Coolidge swearing in. Calvin Coolidge- 1923

28. President Coolidge was a devout family man. Enjoyed spending time with family vs. time with political leaders from around the country & the world. Averaged a 4-hour work day. He was one not to indulge in the extravagance of the 1920’s lifestyle. He was Pro business, as the US economy improved, Coolidge advocated more & more that government should be guided by business principles & practices. The President Coolidge way

29. “Silent Cal” spoke and spent little (Harding loved to throw parties and give long speeches) Calvin Coolidge as President Pro-Business!! He forced corrupt officials to resign He was re-elected in 1924 with the slogan “Keep Cool With Coolidge”

30. From War Goods to Consumer Goods • 1. Coolidge cut regulations on businesses • 2. Americans’ incomes rose • 3. People began to buy refrigerators, radios, vacuums, and other appliances • 4. Businesses began to advertise their products

31. Installment Plans= Buying on Credit (Buy now, pay later, worry later) Demands for goods jumped, but so did Americans’ debt “If we want anything, all we have to do is go and buy it on credit. So that leaves us without any economic problems whatsoever, except that perhaps some day to have to pay for them.” –Comedian Will Rogers Buying on Credit

32. Soaring Stock Market • By the late 1920s, more people were investing in the stock market • People became rich overnight • Bull Market: Period of rapidly increasing stock prices • Prices of stocks rose more quickly than the value of the companies themselves

33. PROHIBITION REVIEW • Reformers had long believed alcohol led to crime, child & wife abuse, and accidents • Supporters were largely from the rural south and west • The church affiliated Women’s Christian Temperance Union helped push the 18th Amendment through

34. Poster supporting prohibition

35. 1917 - Congress passed the 18th Amendment Ratified( Passed) in 1919 “Bootlegging” Liquor “Speak-Easies” 1933 - Congress passed 21st Amendment Ending Prohibition. Prohibition

36. SPEAKEASIES AND BOOTLEGGERS • Many Americans did not believe drinking was a sin • Most immigrant groups were not willing to give up drinking • To obtain liquor illegally, drinkers went underground to hidden saloons known as speakeasies • People also bought liquor from bootleggerswho smuggled it in from Canada, Cuba and the West Indies

38. ORGANIZED CRIME • Prohibition contributed to the growth of organized crime in every major city • Chicago became notorious as the home of Al Capone – a famous bootlegger • Capone took control of the Chicago liquor business by killing off his competition Al Capone was finally convicted on tax evasion charges in 1931

39. GOVERNMENT FAILS TO CONTROL LIQUOR • Eventually, Prohibition ended, because the Govt. failed to budget enough money to enforce the law • The task of enforcing Prohibition fell to 1,500 poorly paid federal agents --- clearly an impossible task Federal agents pour wine down a sewer

41. SUPPORT FADES, PROHIBITION REPEALED • By the mid-1920s, only 19% of Americans supported Prohibition • Many felt Prohibition caused more problems than it solved • The 21st Amendment finally repealed Prohibition in 1933

42. SCIENCE AND RELIGION CLASH Fundamentalism-The Protestant Christian movement grounded in the literal interpretation of the Bible. • There was a clash between fundamentalist religious groupsand secular thinkers over the truths of science. • Fundamentalists found all truth in the bible – including science & evolution

43. SCOPES TRIAL • In March 1925, Tennessee passed the nation’s first law that made it a crime to teach evolution • The ACLU promised to defend any teacher willing to challenge the law –so John Scopes did Scopes was a biology teacher who taught his students that man derived from lower species

44. SCOPES TRIAL Darrow • The ACLU hired Clarence Darrow, the most famous trial lawyer of the era, to defend Scopes • The prosecution countered with William Jennings Bryan, the three-time Democratic presidential nominee Bryan

47. SCOPES TRIAL Trial should be remembered for getting Christians to consider if they believed the Bible was literal or not, and should public schools control what students can or cannot learn. • Trial opened on July 10,1925 and became a national sensation • In an unusual move, Darrow called Bryan to the stand as an expert on the bible – key question: Should the bible beinterpreted literally? • Under intense questioning, Darrow got Bryan to admit that the bible can be interpreted in different ways • Nonetheless, Scopes was found guilty and fined $100 Bryan Darrow

49. Despite the guilty verdict, Darrow got the upperhand during his questioning of Bryan

50. Women won the right to vote: 19th Amendment, 1920 Change in fashion “Flappers” Short Skirts, short hairdos Lipstick Role of Women